A fuel synthesis device includes: a supplier to supply CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 gasses; a fuel synthesis catalyst to chemically react the CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 gasses to synthesize fuel; a gas-liquid separator to liquefy the fuel into liquid and separate the liquid from a gas containing unreacted CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 gasses, and CH.sub.4 gas as a side product; a return path to return the separated gas to a point between the supplier and the fuel synthesis catalyst; a bypass path to bypass, and merge downstream of, the return path, and to include a CH.sub.4 separator to separate the CH.sub.4 and a CH.sub.4 oxidation catalyst to oxidize the CH.sub.4; and a switching valve to selectively switch between communication with the return path and communication with the bypass path, wherein whether the switching valve communicates with the return path or bypass path is controlled based on the density of CH.sub.4.

A method of monitoring renewable carbon in fuel streams in a refinery or blend facility while co-processing a bio-feedstock with a fossil feedstock or blending a renewable product with a fossil product wherein the method provides for quantification of renewable C14 carbon content to adjust the total renewable content to a targeted renewable content in situ while lowering the limit of detection.

This invention provides processes and systems for converting biomass into high-carbon biogenic reagents that are suitable for a variety of commercial applications. Some embodiments employ pyrolysis in the presence of an inert gas to generate hot pyrolyzed solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, followed by separation of vapors and gases, and cooling of the hot pyrolyzed solids in the presence of the inert gas. Additives may be introduced during processing or combined with the reagent, or both. The biogenic reagent may include at least 70 wt %, 80 wt %, 90 wt %, 95 wt %, or more total carbon on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may have an energy content of at least 12,000 Btu/lb, 13,000 Btu/lb, 14,000 Btu/lb, or 14,500 Btu/lb on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may be formed into fine powders, or structural objects. The structural objects may have a structure and/or strength that derive from the feedstock, heat rate, and additives.

A method for determining properties of a hydrocarbon-containing gas mixture includes determining a thermal conductivity value, density measurement, viscosity measurement, and temperature and pressure. The method also includes determining a hydrogen content of the gas mixture on the basis of the thermal conductivity value and the temperature and pressure, determining a density measurement and associated temperature and pressure, and determining the mean molar mass or standard density on the basis of the density measurement and the temperature and pressure. The method further includes determining the mean molar mass or standard density of a hydrogen-free residual gas mixture based on the mean molar mass or standard density and the hydrogen fraction, determining the Wobbe index of the residual gas mixture based on the viscosity measurement and the temperature and pressure, and determining a calorific value based on the mean molar mass or standard density and the Wobbe index.

A method can include: mixing two or more feedstocks to produce a distillate product; optionally adding a cetane improver to the distillate product; collecting the distillate product in a tank; extracting a distillate product sample from the distillate product after mixing and before collecting in the tank; measuring a derived cetane number and/or a indicated cetane number (DCN/ICN) for the distillate product sample with an online DCN/ICN analyzer; communicating the DCN/ICN to a plant distributed control system; calculating an integrated DCN/ICN for the cumulative distillate product in the tank based on the measured DCN/ICN, previously measured DCN/ICN for portions of the distillate product in the tank, and process variables related to the mixing and cetane improver; and adjusting one or more of the process variables based on the integrated DCN/ICN.

The invention is directed to a process and apparatus for removing hydrogen sulfide from a gas stream comprising biogas. In accordance with the invention the gas stream is contacted with an oxidizing agent present in a vessel, whereby said hydrogen sulfide is oxidized into elemental sulfur and said oxidizing agent is reduced, wherein oxygen containing gas is also fed to said vessel, wherein said oxygen oxidizes at least part of said reduced oxidizing agent.

This invention provides processes and systems for converting biomass into high-carbon biogenic reagents that are suitable for a variety of commercial applications. Some embodiments employ pyrolysis in the presence of an inert gas to generate hot pyrolyzed solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, followed by separation of vapors and gases, and cooling of the hot pyrolyzed solids in the presence of the inert gas. Additives may be introduced during processing or combined with the reagent, or both. The biogenic reagent may include at least 70 wt %, 80 wt %, 90 wt %, 95 wt %, or more total carbon on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may have an energy content of at least 12,000 Btu/lb, 13,000 Btu/lb, 14,000 Btu/lb, or 14,500 Btu/lb on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may be formed into fine powders, or structural objects. The structural objects may have a structure and/or strength that derive from the feedstock, heat rate, and additives.

This invention provides processes and systems for converting biomass into high carbon biogenic reagents that are suitable for a variety of commercial applications. Some embodiments employ pyrolysis in the presence of an inert gas to generate hot pyrolyzed solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, followed by separation of vapors and gases, and cooling of the hot pyrolyzed solids in the presence of the inert gas. Additives may be introduced during processing or combined with the reagent, or both. The biogenic reagent may include at least 70 wt %, 80 wt %, 90 wt %, 95 wt %, or more total carbon on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may have an energy content of at least 12,000 Btu/lb, 13,000 Btu/lb, 14,000 Btu/lb, or 14,500 Btu/lb on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may be formed into fine powders, or structural objects.

A biogas collection and purification system that includes a plurality of sources of biogas and a network of conduits configured to convey the biogas from the sources to a central processing facility for processing the biogas into methane. The central processing facility removes impurities to convert biogas to biomethane and may include an H.sub.2S removal stage; an activated carbon scrubber; a gas drier; and a carbon dioxide removal stage. The facility also has a biomethane gas compressor configured to deliver the biomethane for use in power plants, for CNG production. Ancillaries to the system include fuel cells for direct electricity generation from biogas/biomethane.

This invention provides processes and systems for converting biomass into high-carbon biogenic reagents that are suitable for a variety of commercial applications. Some embodiments employ pyrolysis in the presence of an inert gas to generate hot pyrolyzed solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, followed by separation of vapors and gases, and cooling of the hot pyrolyzed solids in the presence of the inert gas. Additives may be introduced during processing or combined with the reagent, or both. The biogenic reagent may include at least 70 wt %, 80 wt %, 90 wt %, 95 wt %, or more total carbon on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may have an energy content of at least 12,000 Btu/lb, 13,000 Btu/lb, 14,000 Btu/lb, or 14,500 Btu/lb on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may be formed into fine powders, or structural objects. The structural objects may have a structure and/or strength that derive from the feedstock, heat rate, and additives.