The present invention describes the use of amine molecules (N) and phosphonic compounds (P) for coating surfaces intended to be used in the field of horology. Since these two types of compounds are alkaline and acid in nature, they form pairs of ions that interact with all types of surfaces, whether these are composed of mineral materials such as glass, metal, non-oxidized materials (inter alia gold, rhodium and their alloys), or also polymeric materials. Taking advantage of the surprising complementary nature of these two types of compounds, the present inventors propose a composition and a coating process that enable functionalization layers to be formed on any type of material, in particular those used in clock mechanisms.

A process for surface treatment of metal substrates, including the steps of: providing a metal substrate including hydroxyl groups at its surface; bringing the metal substrate into contact with a solution of at least one organophosphorus compound to enable the reaction of the hydroxyl groups at the surface of the metal substrate with the organophosphorus compound to form a monomolecular layer over the surface and a second layer of physisorbed organophosphorus molecules at least preponderantly crystallized, the obtained treated substrate being coated with the organophosphorus compound in the form of a first monomolecular layer coating at least 15% of the surface of the substrate and in the form of a physisorbed second layer at least preponderantly crystallized. A treated metal substrate which may be obtained by the process thereof, corresponding solution and its use for treating metallic substrates to improve their tribological properties during their shaping, in particular their stamping.

A process for surface treatment of metal substrates, including the steps of: providing a metal substrate including hydroxyl groups at its surface; bringing the metal substrate into contact with a solution of at least one organophosphorus compound to enable the reaction of the hydroxyl groups at the surface of the metal substrate with the organophosphorus compound to form a monomolecular layer over the surface and a second layer of physisorbed organophosphorus molecules at least preponderantly crystallized, the obtained treated substrate being coated with the organophosphorus compound in the form of a first monomolecular layer coating at least 15% of the surface of the substrate and in the form of a physisorbed second layer at least preponderantly crystallized. A treated metal substrate which may be obtained by the process thereof, corresponding solution and its use for treating metallic substrates to improve their tribological properties during their shaping, in particular their stamping.

A low transition temperature mixture (LTTM) or deep eutectic solvent (DES) useful as a lubricating oil base stock and lubricating oil including a eutectic mixture of at least a first component and at least a second component. The at least first component comprises a hydrogen bond acceptor and the at least second component comprises a hydrogen bond donor. The eutectic mixture includes an equilibrium phase between the at least first component and the at least second component. The equilibrium phase does not exhibit physical characteristics of the at least first component in an unmixed state and the at least second component in an unmixed state. The at least first component and the at least second component form an intermolecular interaction between each other sufficient to prevent crystallization of the at least first component and the at least second component in the eutectic mixture. The eutectic mixture is a liquid at 20 C.

A low transition temperature mixture (LTTM) or deep eutectic solvent (DES) useful as a lubricating oil base stock and lubricating oil including a eutectic mixture of at least a first component and at least a second component. The at least first component comprises a hydrogen bond acceptor and the at least second component comprises a hydrogen bond donor. The eutectic mixture includes an equilibrium phase between the at least first component and the at least second component. The equilibrium phase does not exhibit physical characteristics of the at least first component in an unmixed state and the at least second component in an unmixed state. The at least first component and the at least second component form an intermolecular interaction between each other sufficient to prevent crystallization of the at least first component and the at least second component in the eutectic mixture. The eutectic mixture is a liquid at 20 C.

An industrial oil composition contains a mineral or a synthetic oil as a base oil, and a neutral phosphite ester derivative represented by the following formula (B) and a 2,6-di-t-butylphenol derivative represented by the following formula (C) as antioxidants. In the formula (B), R.sup.b21 to R.sup.b24 each independently represent an aliphatic hydrocarbon group of 10 to 16 carbon atoms. In the formula (C), R.sup.c1 represents a straight-chain or a branched alkyl group of 1 to 12 carbon atoms. ##STR00001##

An industrial oil composition contains a mineral or a synthetic oil as a base oil, and a neutral phosphite ester derivative represented by the following formula (B) and a 2,6-di-t-butylphenol derivative represented by the following formula (C) as antioxidants. In the formula (B), R.sup.b21 to R.sup.b24 each independently represent an aliphatic hydrocarbon group of 10 to 16 carbon atoms. In the formula (C), R.sup.c1 represents a straight-chain or a branched alkyl group of 1 to 12 carbon atoms. ##STR00001##

A compound of the formula (1), and lubricant, and magnetic disk each using the same
A-OCH.sub.2RfCH.sub.2B(1)
wherein A is a group of the formula (a) below, B is a group of the formula (b) or (c) or (d) below, p is 0, 1 or 2, q is a real number of 2 to 10, R is C.sub.1-4 fluoroalkyl, Ar is unsubstituted or substituted aromatic group with C.sub.1-30 alkyl or C.sub.1-30 alkoxyl, Rf is CF.sub.2CF.sub.2O(CF.sub.2CF.sub.2CF.sub.2O).sub.xCF.sub.2CF.sub.2 or CF.sub.2CF.sub.2CF.sub.2O(CF.sub.2CF.sub.2CF.sub.2CF.sub.2O).sub.yCF.sub.2CF.sub.2CF.sub.2, x and y are each a real number of 0 to 50. ##STR00001##

A compound of the formula (1), and lubricant, and magnetic disk each using the same
A-OCH.sub.2RfCH.sub.2B(1)
wherein A is a group of the formula (a) below, B is a group of the formula (b) or (c) or (d) below, p is 0, 1 or 2, q is a real number of 2 to 10, R is C.sub.1-4 fluoroalkyl, Ar is unsubstituted or substituted aromatic group with C.sub.1-30 alkyl or C.sub.1-30 alkoxyl, Rf is CF.sub.2CF.sub.2O(CF.sub.2CF.sub.2CF.sub.2O).sub.xCF.sub.2CF.sub.2 or CF.sub.2CF.sub.2CF.sub.2O(CF.sub.2CF.sub.2CF.sub.2CF.sub.2O).sub.yCF.sub.2CF.sub.2CF.sub.2, x and y are each a real number of 0 to 50. ##STR00001##

A method of manufacturing cyclophosphazenes PFPE derivatives to be used in the lubrication of magnetic recording media is herein provided. The method comprises: a) a (per)fluoropolyether (PFPE) polyol [PFPE (P.sub.pol)] comprising a fluoropolyoxyalkylene chain (R.sub.f) having two chain ends, each chain end comprising at least one hydroxy group, and b) the corresponding alkoxide of perfluoropolyether (P.sub.pol) [PFPE (P.sub.alk)] wherein the equivalent concentration of PFPE (P.sub.alk) in PFPE (P.sub.pol) is lower than 30%, preferably ranging from 5% to 15%; 2) contacting mixture (M) with a perhalocyclophosphazene (CP.sub.halo) to provide a mixture (M1) containing an equivalent ratio of PFPE (P.sub.alk)/(CP.sub.halo) of at least 1; 3) allowing mixture (M1) to react until complete disappearance of PCl groups to provide a mixture (M2); 4) submitting mixture (M2) to hydrolysis to provide a mixture (M3); 5) optionally removing (P.sub.pol) from mixture (M3) to provide a mixture (M4). A method of purifying mixture (M4) is also herein provided.