A solid lubricant 11 is formed by molding and firing powder that includes amorphous and self-sintering carbon material powder 12, graphite powder 13, and a binder 14. The solid lubricant has high material strength and hardness, and also excellent impact resistance and wear resistance.

Disclosed is a lubricating engine oil composition comprising a lubricating oil base stock as a major component, and at least one metal or metalloid hydrogen atom donor compound. Also disclosed is a method for preventing or reducing low speed pre-ignition in a direct injected, boosted, spark ignited internal combustion engine, and the use of at least one metal or metalloid hydrogen atom donor compound in a lubricating engine oil composition for preventing or reducing low speed pre-ignition in a direct injected, boosted, spark ignited internal combustion engine.

Disclosed is a lubricating engine oil composition comprising a lubricating oil base stock as a major component, and at least one metal or metalloid hydrogen atom donor compound. Also disclosed is a method for preventing or reducing low speed pre-ignition in a direct injected, boosted, spark ignited internal combustion engine, and the use of at least one metal or metalloid hydrogen atom donor compound in a lubricating engine oil composition for preventing or reducing low speed pre-ignition in a direct injected, boosted, spark ignited internal combustion engine.

The metallurgical composition of a machine surface may be determined. Based on the composition of the surface layer and its substrate materials, a mixture of pure metal nanoparticles, each coated with a monomolecular organic layer adsorbed on its surface can be mixed with catalysts, reaction initiators, and/or other necessary ingredients for the repair action of the machine surface, depending on the specific machine, operational type, and/or the nature of the damage. The nanoparticles are applied to the machine surface, the organic monolayer wears away from the nanoparticles under shear stresses and the nanoparticles adhere to the machine surface to form a repair layer on the machine surface, thereby providing a repaired surface.

The metallurgical composition of a machine surface may be determined. Based on the composition of the surface layer and its substrate materials, a mixture of pure metal nanoparticles, each coated with a monomolecular organic layer adsorbed on its surface can be mixed with catalysts, reaction initiators, and/or other necessary ingredients for the repair action of the machine surface, depending on the specific machine, operational type, and/or the nature of the damage. The nanoparticles are applied to the machine surface, the organic monolayer wears away from the nanoparticles under shear stresses and the nanoparticles adhere to the machine surface to form a repair layer on the machine surface, thereby providing a repaired surface.

A heat-conductive silicone grease composition comprising (A) an organopolysiloxane in an amount of 20 to 90 parts by mass, (B) a non-silicone-type organic compound in an amount of 80 to 10 parts by mass (wherein the total amount of the components (A) and (B) is 100 parts by mass) and (C) a heat-conductive inorganic filler having an average particle diameter of 0.5 to 100 m in an amount of 200 to 2,000 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the components (A) and (B), wherein the SP value of the non-silicone-type organic compound (B) is greater than that of the organopolysiloxane (A) (i.e., (B)>(A)), the value obtained by subtracting the SP value of the component (A) from the SP value of the component (B) is greater than 2, and the viscosity of the heat-conductive silicone grease composition is 50 to 1,000 Pa.Math.s at 25 C.

A heat-conductive silicone grease composition comprising (A) an organopolysiloxane in an amount of 20 to 90 parts by mass, (B) a non-silicone-type organic compound in an amount of 80 to 10 parts by mass (wherein the total amount of the components (A) and (B) is 100 parts by mass) and (C) a heat-conductive inorganic filler having an average particle diameter of 0.5 to 100 m in an amount of 200 to 2,000 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the components (A) and (B), wherein the SP value of the non-silicone-type organic compound (B) is greater than that of the organopolysiloxane (A) (i.e., (B)>(A)), the value obtained by subtracting the SP value of the component (A) from the SP value of the component (B) is greater than 2, and the viscosity of the heat-conductive silicone grease composition is 50 to 1,000 Pa.Math.s at 25 C.

The disclosure provides for a valve including a surface movably engaged with another surface. A coating is on the surface and is characterized by: a CoF of less than 0.1; a hardness in excess of 1,200 HVN; impermeability to liquids at pressures ranging from 15 and 20,000 psi; a surface finish of 63 or less; and a thickness ranging from 0.5 to 20 mils. The disclosure provides for material constructions including a continuous phase, including a transition metal, and a discontinuous phase, including a solid dry lubricant. The disclosure also provides for a method of depositing a coating that includes depositing a first layer of a coating onto a surface using electroplating, electroless plating, thermal spraying, or cladding, and then depositing a second layer of the coating onto a surface of the first layer using sputtering, ion beam, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, cathodic arc, or chemical vapor deposition.

The disclosure provides for a valve including a surface movably engaged with another surface. A coating is on the surface and is characterized by: a CoF of less than 0.1; a hardness in excess of 1,200 HVN; impermeability to liquids at pressures ranging from 15 and 20,000 psi; a surface finish of 63 or less; and a thickness ranging from 0.5 to 20 mils. The disclosure provides for material constructions including a continuous phase, including a transition metal, and a discontinuous phase, including a solid dry lubricant. The disclosure also provides for a method of depositing a coating that includes depositing a first layer of a coating onto a surface using electroplating, electroless plating, thermal spraying, or cladding, and then depositing a second layer of the coating onto a surface of the first layer using sputtering, ion beam, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, cathodic arc, or chemical vapor deposition.

A machining process includes providing a cutting tool having a rake face and a flank face; bringing the cutting tool into contact with a metal alloy work piece to form a chip by penetrating the cutting tool into the workpiece; and introducing a nanofluid into a vicinity of the penetration to remove heat and, in some instances, customize the finished surface. The nanofluid includes a mixture of a cryo-liquid and nanoparticles having a maximum size of approximately 0.1 nanometers to approximately 100 nanometers.