A solid lubricant blend for enhancing lubricity of lubricating greases. The blend comprises a first stage solid lubricant selected from the group consisting of molybdenum disulfide, graphite, polytetrafluorethylene and mixtures thereof, a second stage solid lubricant of boron nitride, a third stage solid lubricant of an inorganic fluoride characterized by being capable of forming a bonded substantially homogeneous film on a substrate at the elevated temperatures and pressures, and graphene. The solid lubricant blend is mixed with a lubricating grease to attain the lubricating grease compositions of the invention.

A powder lubricant composition according to the present invention includes 65 parts by mass to 95 parts by mass of sodium borate, and 5 parts by mass to 35 parts by mass of cryolite. A method for manufacturing a seamless steel pipe according to the present invention includes adhering the above-described powder lubricant composition to a pipe inner surface of a work piece which is piercing rolled to have a tubular shape, and elongation rolling on the work piece after the adhering of the powder lubricant composition.

A powder lubricant composition according to the present invention includes 65 parts by mass to 95 parts by mass of sodium borate, and 5 parts by mass to 35 parts by mass of cryolite. A method for manufacturing a seamless steel pipe according to the present invention includes adhering the above-described powder lubricant composition to a pipe inner surface of a work piece which is piercing rolled to have a tubular shape, and elongation rolling on the work piece after the adhering of the powder lubricant composition.

GER fluids are improved by the addition of a polar molecule additive. By addition of a polar molecule additive, yield stresses under electric field are improved by over 50% while the current density is reduced to less than a quarter of the original GER. The reversible response time still remains the same, and the sedimentation stability is greatly enhanced. The zero field viscosity of the modified GER fluid remains the same as that of the original GER fluid without the additive. The improved GER characteristics improve general functionality as an electrical-mechanical interface, attendant with applications to car clutches, fluid brakes, and vehicle shock absorbers.

GER fluids are improved by the addition of a polar molecule additive. By addition of a polar molecule additive, yield stresses under electric field are improved by over 50% while the current density is reduced to less than a quarter of the original GER. The reversible response time still remains the same, and the sedimentation stability is greatly enhanced. The zero field viscosity of the modified GER fluid remains the same as that of the original GER fluid without the additive. The improved GER characteristics improve general functionality as an electrical-mechanical interface, attendant with applications to car clutches, fluid brakes, and vehicle shock absorbers.

A machining process includes providing a cutting tool having a rake face and a flank face; bringing the cutting tool into contact with a metal alloy work piece to form a chip by penetrating the cutting tool into the workpiece; and introducing a nanofluid into a vicinity of the penetration to remove heat and, in some instances, customize the finished surface. The nanofluid includes a mixture of a cryo-liquid and nanoparticles having a maximum size of approximately 0.1 nanometers to approximately 100 nanometers.

A machining process includes providing a cutting tool having a rake face and a flank face; bringing the cutting tool into contact with a metal alloy work piece to form a chip by penetrating the cutting tool into the workpiece; and introducing a nanofluid into a vicinity of the penetration to remove heat and, in some instances, customize the finished surface. The nanofluid includes a mixture of a cryo-liquid and nanoparticles having a maximum size of approximately 0.1 nanometers to approximately 100 nanometers.

An aqueous lubricant for metal material plastic working, which can form a lubricating coating having excellent lubricity (moisture absorption resistance) under a high humidity environment, seizure resistance to metal working with high difficulty, and the like, and further has excellent long-term agent stability; a metal material having a lubricating coating formed by the aqueous lubricant on/over a surface of the metal material; and a metal processed article obtained by molding the metal material are provided. The above problem can be solved by using an aqueous lubricant for metal material plastic working in which an aliphatic polycarboxylic acid having 5 to 8 carbon atoms and a solubility in water at 20 C. of 10 g/100 mL or more and an alkaline earth metal compound are blended in water, or an alkaline earth metal salt of the aliphatic polycarboxylic acid is dissolved or dispersed in water.

An aqueous lubricant for metal material plastic working, which can form a lubricating coating having excellent lubricity (moisture absorption resistance) under a high humidity environment, seizure resistance to metal working with high difficulty, and the like, and further has excellent long-term agent stability; a metal material having a lubricating coating formed by the aqueous lubricant on/over a surface of the metal material; and a metal processed article obtained by molding the metal material are provided. The above problem can be solved by using an aqueous lubricant for metal material plastic working in which an aliphatic polycarboxylic acid having 5 to 8 carbon atoms and a solubility in water at 20 C. of 10 g/100 mL or more and an alkaline earth metal compound are blended in water, or an alkaline earth metal salt of the aliphatic polycarboxylic acid is dissolved or dispersed in water.

A surface treatment agent from which a surface layer having an excellent friction resistance can be formed, an article including such a surface layer, and a method for manufacturing such an article are provided. A surface treatment agent according to the present invention contains a fluorine-containing ether compound including a fluoro-polyether chain and a reactive silyl group; a first metallic compound containing a first metallic element; and a second metallic compound containing a second metallic element different from the first metallic element.