A catalyst for catalyzing transesterification of esters or esterification of fatty acids, the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of manganese (II) glycerolate, cobalt (II) glycerolate, iron (II) glycerolate, and any combination thereof. A method for transesterification reaction, includes: a) providing a catalyst, wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of manganese (II) glycerolate, cobalt (II) glycerolate, iron (II) glycerolate, and any combination thereof; b) adding the catalyst, one or more alcohols, and a composition comprising one or more esters to a reactor to form a reaction mixture; and c) stirring while heating the reaction mixture for reaction to form transesterification products.

There is provided a base oil additive comprising an ester of a palmitic acid, a method of forming the base oil additive, a lubricating oil composition comprising the base oil additive and a method of modifying a property of a base oil.

The present invention relates to a metal compound of calixarene not containing sulfur and dispersible in oil, which can be partially salified, or neutral, or basic or overbased, said calixarene having general formula (I) in which: a) R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are independently selected from hydrogen, or a group containing carbon and hydrogen, or a group containing in addition to carbon and hydrogen also heteroatoms, provided that said heteroatoms are not sulfur; b) one of the two substituents R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 is hydrogen, while the other may be selected from hydrogen, or a linear or branched alkyl with a number of carbon atoms between 1 and 6, preferably methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, more preferably methyl or ethyl; c) n is the number of units of the calixarene ring and is comprised in the range between 4 and 16, preferably between 5 and 12; said calixarene being characterized in that in at least one of the n units of the calixarene ring, at least one of the substituents R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 contains at least one acid group of carboxylic type available for the reaction with a metal base, with the proviso that said acid group of carboxylic type is not contained in a unit of the calixarene ring derived from salicylic acid.

##STR00001##

What is described is a method of synthesis of the compound of formula 1A,

##STR00001##

or a salt thereof, wherein R.sub.3 is a linear or branched alkene of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbons; R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are the same or different, each a hydrogen, or a linear or branched alkyl of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbons; and L.sub.3 is a bond or an alkane of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbons.

The current invention refers to an integrated process for the production of biofuels, through the application of integrated saline demulsification, distillation and esterification stages for fatty acids and its derivatives in a process involving the breakdown of fatty acids stable emulsions and its derivatives through the isolated or joint utilization of physical processes, as well as saline demulsification of greasy residue denominated from aqueous emulsions, developed in such manner as to promote a suitable destination for such residue, such as the use for the production of biofuels, more specifically, biodiesel. The process proposed herein employs a raw-material purification methodology, which implies in better yields in the production of biodiesel through physical processes, such as sifting, filtration, and distillation of the extracted grease, followed by an esterification and transesterification process.

The current invention refers to an integrated process for the production of biofuels, through the application of integrated saline demulsification, distillation and esterification stages for fatty acids and its derivatives in a process involving the breakdown of fatty acids stable emulsions and its derivatives through the isolated or joint utilization of physical processes, as well as saline demulsification of greasy residue denominated from aqueous emulsions, developed in such manner as to promote a suitable destination for such residue, such as the use for the production of biofuels, more specifically, biodiesel. The process proposed herein employs a raw-material purification methodology, which implies in better yields in the production of biodiesel through physical processes, such as sifting, filtration, and distillation of the extracted grease, followed by an esterification and transesterification process.

What is described is a compound of formula I

##STR00001##

wherein R.sub.1 is a linear alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl of 2 to 12 carbons, or a branched alkyl with 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, or 7 carbons, R.sub.2 is a branched alkyl with 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, or 7 carbons, L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 are independently a linear alkylene with 1-18 carbons or alkenylene with 2-18 carbons, X is S or O, L.sub.3 is a bond or an alkylene with 1 to 6 carbons, R.sub.3 is an alkylene with 1 to 6 carbons, and R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are the same or different, each a linear or branched alkyl with 1 to 6 carbons; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present invention relates to heterogeneous acid catalysts comprising or consisting of mixed metal salts, of lithium and aluminum phosphates and sulfates, and combinations with metallic cations, such as magnesium, titanium, zinc, zirconium and gallium, to provide adequate Lewis acidity; organic or inorganic porosity promoters, such as polysaccharides; and agglomerates, such as clays, kaolin and metal oxides of the type M.sub.xO.sub.y, where; M=Al, Mg, Sr, Zr or Ti, and other metals of groups IA, IIA and IVB, x=1 or 2 and y=2 or 3, for the formation of particles. A process is disclosed for obtaining from the catalyst by the hydrolysis of aluminum lithium hydride with water and oxygenated solvent, such as an ether. The catalysts are used in batch reactor and continuous flow systems in reactions that require moderate Lewis acidity, such as refining, petrochemical and general chemistry, including the transesterification of glycerides to produce alkyl esters.

The present invention relates to heterogeneous acid catalysts comprising or consisting of mixed metal salts, of lithium and aluminum phosphates and sulfates, and combinations with metallic cations, such as magnesium, titanium, zinc, zirconium and gallium, to provide adequate Lewis acidity; organic or inorganic porosity promoters, such as polysaccharides; and agglomerates, such as clays, kaolin and metal oxides of the type M.sub.xO.sub.y, where; M=Al, Mg, Sr, Zr or Ti, and other metals of groups IA, IIA and IVB, x=1 or 2 and y=2 or 3, for the formation of particles. A process is disclosed for obtaining from the catalyst by the hydrolysis of aluminum lithium hydride with water and oxygenated solvent, such as an ether. The catalysts are used in batch reactor and continuous flow systems in reactions that require moderate Lewis acidity, such as refining, petrochemical and general chemistry, including the transesterification of glycerides to produce alkyl esters.

What is described is a compound having the formula ##STR00001##
wherein R.sub.1 is branched alkyl of the structure (CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.m).sub.2CH, wherein m is 2 or 3; R.sub.2 is a linear alkyl of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 carbons, a branched alkyl of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 carbons, or an alkenyl or alkynyl of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11 carbons; R.sub.3 is (CH.sub.2).sub.p, wherein p is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are the same or different, each a hydrogen, or a linear or branched alkyl of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbons; L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 are the same or different, of the structure (CH.sub.2).sub.n, wherein n is 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18; L.sub.3 is a bond; X.sub.1 is COO whereby -L.sub.2-COOR.sub.2 is formed; X.sub.2 is S or O; and X.sub.3 is COO whereby -L.sub.1-COOR.sub.1 is formed; and
wherein m+n+p is 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, or 27;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.