A bubble-jetting chip capable of jetting bubbles upward from a substrate is provided.

Bubbles can be jetted upward from a substrate by a bubble-jetting chip comprising: at least a substrate, an energizing portion, and a bubble-jetting portion; the energizing portion being formed on the substrate; the bubble-jetting portion comprising an electrode that is formed of a conductive material, a shell part formed of an insulating photosensitive resin, and an extended section that extends from the shell part, the shell part covering a periphery of the electrode, the extended section extending beyond a tip of the electrode, and the bubble-jetting portion further comprising a space formed between the extended section and the electrode; and the electrode of the bubble-jetting portion being formed on the energizing portion.

An object of the invention is to provide an electroporation method for treating vesicles with exogenous material for insertion of the exogenous material into the vesicles which includes the steps of: a. retaining a suspension of the vesicles and the exogenous material in a treatment volume in a chamber which includes electrodes, wherein the chamber has a geometric factor (cm.sup.1 ) defined by the quotient of the electrode gap squared (cm.sup.2) divided by the chamber volume (cm.sup.3), wherein the geometric factor is less than or equal to 0.1 cm.sup.1, wherein the suspension of the vesicles and the exogenous material is in a medium which is adjusted such that the medium has conductivity in a range spanning 50 microSiemens/cm to 500 microSiemens/cm, wherein the suspension is enclosed in the chamber during treatment, and b. treating the suspension enclosed in the chamber with one or more pulsed electric fields. With the method, the treatment volume of the suspension is scalable, and the time of treatment of the vesicles in the chamber is substantially uniform.

An object of the invention is to provide an electroporation method for treating vesicles with exogenous material for insertion of the exogenous material into the vesicles which includes the steps of: a. retaining a suspension of the vesicles and the exogenous material in a treatment volume in a chamber which includes electrodes, wherein the chamber has a geometric factor (cm.sup.1) defined by the quotient of the electrode gap squared (cm.sup.2) divided by the chamber volume (cm.sup.3), wherein the geometric factor is less than or equal to 0.1 cm.sup.1, wherein the suspension of the vesicles and the exogenous material is in a medium which is adjusted such that the medium has conductivity in a range spanning 50 microSiemens/cm to 500 microSiemens/cm, wherein the suspension is enclosed in the chamber during treatment, and b. treating the suspension enclosed in the chamber with one or more pulsed electric fields. With the method, the treatment volume of the suspension is scalable, and the time of treatment of the vesicles in the chamber is substantially uniform.

Among the various aspects of the present disclosure is the provision of a device with multiple microenvironments and methods of use and manufacture thereof. An aspect of the present disclosure provides for a device for evaluating cell invasion. Another aspect provided by the present disclosure includes a method of making a device for evaluating cell invasion. Another aspect to the present disclosure provides for a method of testing a drug in vitro. Another aspect of the present disclosure provides for a method of identifying targets.

The invention provides a solution to the problem of transfecting non-adherent cells. Devices and delivery compositions containing ethanol and an isotonic salt solution are used for delivery of compounds and compositions to non-adherent cells.