A system and method for producing ethanol from dry-milled corn or other grains includes the steps of separating fiber components and embedded starch components from the grain. The fiber components and embedded starch components are cooked at high temperatures and fermented to produce ethanol.

A fermentation unit and a method of carrying out fermentation are described. The fermentation unit can be transported from one facility to another to carry out a fermentation process. The fermentation unit and method allow for the fermentation of a C1-containing substrate from a source at a particular facility to produce products such as alcohols and acids. Examples of the source of the C1-containing substrate include without limitation steel manufacturing processes, coal and biomass gasification processes, coke manufacturing processes, etc. The fermentation unit can be housed within a container having a volume of less than about 6 m.sup.3.

Improving overall carbon capture and improving overall production yield in chemical manufacturing facilities by integrating microbial fermentation into existing oil and gas infrastructure. Converting carbon sources that would otherwise be vented to the atmosphere or discarded as waste to one or more products. In certain aspects, also disclosed are to processes for producing desirable products, such as ethylene, from industrial waste streams.

Some embodiments are directed to a system for harvesting biomass, usable to manufacture biofuel, from discrete biomass receptacles in which the biomass has been cultivated. The system can include multiple harvesters disposed at least in part vertically above the receptacles and configured to simultaneously harvest the biomass from the receptacles. Each of the harvesters can include: multiple harvesting baskets configured to be lowered from above the receptacles and into each of the receptacles; multiple sensors disposed to sense growth conditions within the harvesting baskets; and a controller configured to communicate with each sensor of the multiple sensors, and based on data received from the sensors, configured to control harvesting patterns of each harvester to enhance biomass material growth within the receptacles.

Systems and methods to provide low carbon intensity (CI) transportation fuels through one or more targeted reductions of carbon emissions based upon an analysis of carbon emissions associated with a combination of various options for feedstock procurement, feedstock refining, processing, or transformation, and fuel product distribution pathways to end users. Such options are selected to maintain the total CI (carbon emissions per unit energy) of the transportation fuel below a pre-selected threshold that defines an upper limit of CI for the transportation fuel.

An improved dry grind system and method for producing a sugar stream from grains or similar carbohydrate sources and/or residues, such as for biofuel production. In particular, a sugar/carbohydrate stream, which includes a desired Dextrose Equivalent (DE) where DE describes the degree of conversion of starch to dextrose (aka glucose) and/or has had removed therefrom an undesirable amount of unfermentable components, can be produced after saccharification and prior to fermentation (or other sugar conversion process), with such sugar stream being available for biofuel production, e.g., alcohol production, or other processes. In addition, the systems and methods also can involve the removal of certain grain components, e.g., corn kernel components, including protein, oil and/or fiber, prior to fermentation or other conversion systems. In other words, sugar stream production and/or grain component separation occurs on the front end of the system and method.

The invention provides a process for producing a fermentable gas stream from a gas source that contains one or more constituent which may be harmful to the fermentation process. To produce the fermentable gas stream, the gas stream is passed through a specifically ordered series of removal modules. The removal modules remove and/or convert various constituents found in the gas stream which may have harmful effects on downstream removal modules and/or inhibitory effects on downstream gas fermenting microorganisms. At least a portion of the fermentable gas stream is preferably capable of being passed to a bioreactor, which contains gas fermenting microorganisms, without inhibiting the fermentation process.

Some embodiments are directed to a system for the efficient cultivation of algae using both cultivation media and growth media. The system can include: discrete biomass receptacles, each receptables being configured to contain the cultivation medium and the algae; a supplier configured to supply the cultivation media to each of the receptacles, the supplier being configured to provide the growth media to each of the multiple receptacles, the supplier defining an orifice through which at least one of the cultivation media and the growth medium is provided to each of the receptables; sensors, one sensor being disposed at each of the multiple receptacles to sense conditions therein; and a controller that is in communication with each of the sensors, the controller being configured to control an amount of growth media supplied to each receptacle based on sensed conditions so as to enhance algae growth within each of the receptacles.

The disclosure provides for methods and a system for storing energy in the form of a biopolymer. The method comprises intermittently processing electric energy generated from a renewable and/or non-renewable energy source in an electrolysis process to produce at least H.sub.2, O.sub.or CO; intermittently passing H.sub.2, O.sub.2, or CO from the electrolysis process to a bioreactor containing a bacterial culture capable of producing a biopolymer; and fermenting the culture. The disclosure further provides a system for storing energy in the form of biopolymer comprising an electrolysis process in intermittent fluid communication with a renewable and/or non-renewable energy source for producing at least one of H.sub.2, O.sub.2, or CO; a bioreactor, in intermittent fluid communication with the electrolysis process and/or in continuous fluid communication with an industrial plant, comprising a reaction vessel suitable for intermittently growing, fermenting, and/or culturing and housing a microorganism capable of producing a biopolymer.

Disclosed herein is a microalgae incubator. The microalgae incubator is formed as a container in the form of a barrel having an open upper surface and a predetermined depth to accommodate water containing microalgae. The microalgae incubator has a regular polygonal cross section having an even number of vertices or a circular cross section. The microalgae incubator includes an air pipe configured such that an inner tube is located inside the microalgae incubator along a direction passing through a center of a cross section in a lower portion of a body of the microalgae incubator and both ends of the inner tube form connection holes in a surface of the body of the microalgae incubator.