A rotating drum apparatus for the mixing and processing of materials, the rotating drum apparatus comprising: a rotating drum (12) arranged with the length of the drum and the axis of rotation of the drum extending along the horizontal; an inlet at a first point on the drum (12) for receiving materials prior to mixing and/or processing; a screw (14) within the drum (12) for mixing the materials whilst conveying them lengthwise along the drum (12), wherein the screw (14) includes a helical blade extending along the length of the drum (12) with the outer edge of the helical blade being fixed to the inner surface of the drum (12) such that material can be conveyed and mixed in separated volumes (16) between each turn of the screw blade (14); an outlet at a second point along the drum for discharge of materials after mixing and/or processing; and a plurality mixing devices (18) for promoting mixing of the material in each of the separated volumes (16) of material as the material is conveyed along the screw (14), wherein the plurality of mixing devices (18) are spaced apart along the blade of the screw (14), and wherein there is at least one mixing device (18) for each turn of the screw blade (14).

In a method and an apparatus for an enzymatic hydrolysis in which plant based raw material is hydrolysed by means of enzymes in at least one enzymatic hydrolysis stage. A plant based feed (1) is fed to the enzymatic hydrolysis stage (2) in which the plant based feed is hydrolysed. A liquid fraction (3) comprising carbohydrates is separated from a solid fraction (4) in a solid-liquid separation stage (11). At least a part (5) of the solid fraction (4) comprising enzymes is recirculated to the plant based feed (1) of the enzymatic hydrolysis stage (2) or to the enzymatic hydrolysis stage (2), and a rest part (6) of the solid fraction (4) is recovered. Further, the invention relates to the liquid fraction and the solid fraction and their use.

Intravaginal culture (IVC) container for intravaginal fertilization and culture of mammalian, and in particular human, oocytes, featuring an increased volume, and a method of using the same.

The present invention provides a novel sialo-sugar chain, a process for producing the sialo-sugar chain, and a device for producing the sialo-sugar chain. A sialo-sugar chain can be easily and efficiently mass-produced by reacting a sugar wherein a hydroxy groups is substituted with an alkynyl group (herein sometimes referred to as “alkynylated sugar”) with a specific sialic acid donor in the presence of a sialic acid-introducing enzyme.

Immobilized enzyme complexes (IEC) with enzymes that are non-covalently linked to matrices are provided along with methods for making the same. Methods of using the IEC for a wide variety of industrial enzymatic processes are also provided. Methods of converting cellulosic biomass and methods of effecting blood type conversions with the IEC are amongst the methods disclosed.

The present invention relates to a method for synthesizing an RNA molecule of a given sequence, comprising the step of determining the fraction (1) for each of the four nucleotides G, A, C and U in said RNA molecule, and the step of synthesizing said RNA molecule by in vitro transcription in a sequence-optimized reaction mix, wherein said sequence-optimized reaction mix comprises the four ribonucleoside triphosphates GTP, ATP, CTP and UTP, wherein the fraction (2) of each of the four ribonucleoside triphosphates in the sequence-optimized reaction mix corresponds to the fraction (1) of the respective nucleotide in said RNA molecule, a buffer, a DNA template, and an RNA polymerase.

Further, the present invention relates to a bioreactor (1) for synthesizing RNA molecules of a given sequence, the bioreactor (1) having a reaction module (2) for carrying out in vitro RNA transcription reactions in a sequence-optimized reaction mix, a capture module (3) for temporarily capturing the transcribed RNA molecules, and a control module (4) for controlling the infeed of components of the sequence-optimized reaction mix into the reaction module (2), wherein the reaction module (2) comprises a filtration membrane (21) for separating nucleotides from the reaction mix, and the control of the infeed of components of the sequence-optimized reaction mix by the control module (4) is based on a measured concentration of separated nucleotides.

Reusable microsomal biocatalytic systems (bioreactors) constructed on carbon nanostructure modified electrodes are provided. The bioreactors comprise stable, biologically active immobilized enzymes such as human cytochromes P 450 (CYPs) and their redox partner proteins, e.g. CYP-NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) reductases (CPR), on the carbon nanostructure surface. The immobilized enzymes may be present in liver microsomes, such as human liver microsomes (HLM) or as bactosomes, S9 fractions, etc. The bioreactors are used, for example, for synthesizing metabolites of interest from compounds such as drugs that are catabolized by the enzymes.

A method and apparatus for controlled hydrolysis. The method can comprise hydrolyzing a first reagent in a first hydrolysis reaction and deactivating a first enzyme catalyzing the first hydrolysis reaction. The deactivating step can occur in about 10 seconds or less; the deactivating step can comprise adding a deactivating fluid to a composition comprising the first enzyme and heating the first enzyme using a deactivating mechanism. In other aspects, hydrolyzing the first reagent and deactivating the first enzyme can occur in a conduit, and the first hydrolysis reaction can occur in a composition that is at least 50% water by weight. The apparatus can provide a hydrolysis reactor comprising: a conduit; a composition inlet in the conduit for a composition; a first enzyme inlet in the conduit downstream of the composition inlet; and a first deactivating mechanism downstream of the first enzyme inlet to deactivate the first enzyme.

It is solved by the rod-shaped tubular cell structure maintaining support device for cultivating a tubular cell structure including a hollow portion inside for a predetermined period of time while maintaining the hollow portion, the tubular cell structure maintaining support device including an outer diameter insertable into the hollow portion of the cell structure, and when inserted into the hollow portion, capable of allowing the tubular cell structure maintaining support device to adhere to an inner surface of the cell structure, and a penetration conduit including openings at both ends of the tubular cell structure maintaining support device, and penetrating between the openings, wherein the tubular cell structure maintaining support device has an oxygen permeable structure from the penetration conduit to an outer surface of the tubular cell structure maintaining support device.

The present invention relates to a method for measuring activity of HAO which comprises bringing HAO into contact with hydroxylamine in the presence of a tetrazolium salt. Further, the present invention also provides a method for culturing microorganisms which comprises culturing microorganisms in a storage container of a sample containing microorganisms installed separately in a liquid medium storage container, wherein the storage container of a sample containing microorganisms has pores.