The invention modernizes abandoned or inefficient petrochemical plants for the production of jet fuel, diesel, naphtha, drilling fuels and wax. It utilizes an amine system shifted in a brownfield situation and a PRISM unit to cleanse incoming syngas and obtain an optimal H2:CO ratio for conversion. The refit and repurposing introduces novel heat transfer elements to a Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reactor and embarks a proprietary FT catalyst for the production of GTL products. It also incorporates unique FT analyzers to monitor hydrocarbon streams and aid production and Coriolis flow meters for precise measurements of liquid wax flow, unaffected by wax congestion or vibration. Feedstocks include numerous sources such as Natural gas, Biomass, etc

A process for processing metal ore includes: reducing a metal ore, particularly a metallic oxide, in a blast furnace shaft; producing furnace gas containing CO.sub.2, in the blast furnace shaft; discharging the furnace gas from the blast furnace shaft; directing at least a portion of the furnace gas directly or indirectly into a CO.sub.2-converter; and converting the CO.sub.2 contained in the furnace gas into an aerosol consisting of a carrier gas and C-particles in the CO.sub.2-converter in the presence of a stoichiometric surplus of C; directing at least a first portion of the aerosol from the CO.sub.2-converter into the blast furnace shaft; and introducing H.sub.2O into the blast furnace shaft. By virtue of the reaction C+H.sub.2O.fwdarw.CO.sub.2+2H, nascent hydrogen is produced in the blast furnace which causes rapid reduction of the metal ore. The speed of reduction of the metal ore is thus increased, and it is possible to increase either the throughput capacity of the blast furnace or to reduce the size of the blast furnace. An aerosol in the form of a fluid is easily introducible into the blast furnace shaft.

Compositions and methods for a hybrid biological and chemical process that captures and converts carbon dioxide and/or other forms of inorganic carbon and/or CI carbon sources including but not limited to carbon monoxide, methane, methanol, formate, or formic acid, and/or mixtures containing CI chemicals including but not limited to various syngas compositions, into organic chemicals including biofuels or other valuable biomass, chemical, industrial, or pharmaceutical products are provided. The present invention, in certain embodiments, fixes inorganic carbon or CI carbon sources into longer carbon chain organic chemicals by utilizing microorganisms capable of performing the oxyhydrogen reaction and the autotrophic fixation of CO.sub.2 in one or more steps of the process.

A system, comprising a Trickle Bed Reactor (TBR), a microalgae cultivation module, and a feedback module is used to sustainably boost CO2 fixation for growing micro-algae. The TBR comprises a packing material in the form of non-porous particles with a high surface-to-volume ratio, forming a substrate for attachment of Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) producing microbes, fed with CO2 (and/or CO), H2, nutrients, and a moistening liquid. The TBR output is fed to the microalgae cultivation module which uses micro-algae selected or adapted for increased productivity in the presence of VFAs. No CO2 needs to be fed to the microalgae cultivation module. At least part of the output of the microalgae cultivation module is fed by the feedback module back to the TBR either as a source of nutrients or for as a means backflushing for unclogging or expulsing the packing material from the TBR for cleaning/disinfection. The overall CO2 balance of the system operation is negative.

The invention described herein presents compositions and methods for a multistep biological and chemical process for the capture and conversion of carbon dioxide and/or other forms of inorganic carbon into organic chemicals including biofuels or other useful industrial, chemical, pharmaceutical, or biomass products. One or more process steps utilizes chemoautotrophic microorganisms to fix inorganic carbon into organic compounds through chemosynthesis. An additional feature described are process steps whereby electron donors used for the chemosynthetic fixation of carbon are generated by chemical or electrochemical means, or are produced from inorganic or waste sources. An additional feature described are process steps for recovery of useful chemicals produced by the carbon dioxide capture and conversion process, both from chemosynthetic reaction steps, as well as from non-biological reaction steps.

A method of converting CO.sub.2 gas produced during industrial processes comprising contacting methanogenic archaea with the CO.sub.2 gas under suitable conditions to produce methane.

A process for capturing greenhouse gas emissions utilizing algae may comprise feeding a carbon dioxide feed stream, a recycle water stream, and light to a closed photobioreactor, thereby forming oxygen and the algae; extracting the oxygen and at least a portion of the algae from the closed photobioreactor, the algae extracted as a wet biomass stream; introducing the wet biomass stream to a dewatering unit along with an exhaust gas stream comprising carbon dioxide, thereby forming steam, a reduced temperature exhaust gas stream, and a dehydrated biomass product; introducing at least a portion of the steam to a cooling unit, thereby condensing the steam and forming the recycle water stream; and introducing the reduced temperature exhaust gas stream to a treatment unit, thereby forming the carbon dioxide feed stream.

A system comprising a collocated thermal plant, water source, CO.sub.2 source and biomass growth module is disclosed. A method of improving the environment by utilizing the system is disclosed.

A system and a method for preparing hydrogen-rich syngas by taking biogas as a composite gasification agent for the gasification of biogas residue are provided. The system includes an anaerobic fermenter for biomass gradient, a solid-liquid separation device, a drying reactor, a gasification reactor, a condensing tower, and a syngas purifier; the anaerobic fermenter for biomass gradient is connected to the drying reactor through the solid-liquid separation device, to transport separated biogas residue to the drying reactor, and the drying reactor and the anaerobic fermenter for biomass gradient are connected to the gasification reactor, respectively, to jointly input biogas and a biogas residue dried into the gasification reactor for reaction; and the gasification reactor is connected to the condensing tower, to transport reaction products to the condensing tower, the condensing tower is connected with the syngas purifier, performing purification treatment on a gas cooled, to obtain the hydrogen-rich syngas.