An ICBTL system and method having a low GHG footprint for converting coal or coal and biomass to liquid fuels and a biofertilizer in which a carbon-based feed is converted to liquids by direct liquefaction and optionally by indirect liquefaction and the liquids are upgraded to produce premium fuels. CO.sub.2 produced by the process is used to a produce cyanobacteria containing algal biomass and other photosynthetic microorganisms in a photobioreactor. Optionally, lipids extracted from the some of the algal biomass is hydroprocessed to produce fuel components and biomass residues and the carbon-based feed our gasified to produce hydrogen and syngas for the direct and indirect liquefaction processes. Some or all of the algal biomass and photosynthetic microorganisms are used to produce a natural biofertilizer. CO.sub.2 may also be produced by a steam methane reformer for supplying CO.sub.2 to produce the algal biomass and photosynthetic microorganisms.

A method for producing a purified stream of vinyl chloride monomer, the method comprising (i) providing a gaseous stream that includes vinyl chloride monomer, carbon dioxide, and water; (ii) dehydrating the gaseous stream to remove substantially all of the water from the stream to thereby produce a substantially dehydrated stream; (iii) liquifying at least the vinyl chloride monomer within the substantially dehydrated stream; and (iv) separating the carbon dioxide as a gaseous stream from the liquid vinyl chloride monomer to thereby produce a purified vinyl chloride monomer stream.

The present invention relates to a process for fermenting Yarrowia in a bioreactor, comprising cultivating Yarrowia in a medium, and adding a feed comprising formic acid and a sugar to the medium in a molar ratio of formic acid to sugar of 1 to 13 mol formic acid/mol monosaccharide.

A system for generating and using carbon dioxide comprises: (a) a closed system combustion stage for combusting a fuel in a furnace and producing an off gas containing carbon dioxide; and (b) an algae growth and oxygen generation stage for receiving off gas generated in the closed system combustion stage wherein the algae growth and oxygen generation stage through the action of algae: (i) converts carbon dioxide to a chemical product, and oxygen; and (ii) provides a gas stream to the closed system combustion stage, the gas stream comprising oxygen and carbon dioxide. The closed system combustion stage may, for example, be conducted in a power station. The system is also suitable for integration with crop cultivation, for example sugar cultivation, where carbon dioxide for algal growth may be sourced from combustion of plant material, fermentation of plant material or both.

Disclosed is a process and system for generating hydrogen from carbon dioxide. The process and system for generating a hydrogen gas stream from a carbon dioxide gas stream comprises converting a first waste carbon dioxide gas stream to an organic feedstock using an algal source in a photosynthesis step. The organic feedstock is then converted using an organism to the hydrogen gas stream and gaseous by-products in a biodecomposition step. The generated hydrogen gas may then be collected.

Disclosed is a process and system for generating hydrogen from carbon dioxide. The process and system for generating a hydrogen gas stream from a carbon dioxide gas stream comprises converting a first waste carbon dioxide gas stream to an organic feedstock using an algal source in a photosynthesis step. The organic feedstock is then converted using an organism to the hydrogen gas stream and gaseous by-products in a biodecomposition step. The generated hydrogen gas may then be collected.

A system and method for growing microalgae capable of mixotrophic metabolism, preferably Chlorella sp. Microalgae grown in the system using the method are able to survive and grow in dark refrigeration, which allows the algae to be stored and transported for application as a live culture. In addition, the microalgae can be grown in sufficient quantities to be sold commercially for application to crops as a biostimulant.

A system and method for growing microalgae capable of mixotrophic metabolism, preferably Chlorella sp. Microalgae grown in the system using the method are able to survive and grow in dark refrigeration, which allows the algae to be stored and transported for application as a live culture. In addition, the microalgae can be grown in sufficient quantities to be sold commercially for application to crops as a biostimulant.