The present disclosure provides methods, compositions and apparatuses for increasing gas transfer in fermentation processes.

The present disclosure provides methods, compositions and apparatuses for increasing gas transfer in fermentation processes.

Provided herein are methods and systems for treating a stream comprising material (e.g., biomass such as plant biomass, animal biomass, agricultural biomass, wastewater sludge, or a combination thereof) with nanobubbles. One such method includes generating nanobubbles in wastewater sludge of a wastewater treatment system to produce nanobubble-containing sludge, the wastewater sludge having a higher solids content than an input stream to the wastewater treatment system, and processing the nanobubble-containing sludge in an anaerobic reactor of the wastewater treatment system.

Provided herein are methods and systems for treating a stream comprising material (e.g., biomass such as plant biomass, animal biomass, agricultural biomass, wastewater sludge, or a combination thereof) with nanobubbles. One such method includes generating nanobubbles in wastewater sludge of a wastewater treatment system to produce nanobubble-containing sludge, the wastewater sludge having a higher solids content than an input stream to the wastewater treatment system, and processing the nanobubble-containing sludge in an anaerobic reactor of the wastewater treatment system.

The invention provides an assay for identifying a bacterium capable of binding elemental heavy metal, comprising the following steps: cultivating a test bacterium in a suitable first culture medium; immersing at least a surface portion of a test tool into the first culture medium for a second predetermined period of time, said surface portion being coated by elemental heavy metal, respectively; removing said test tool from said first culture medium and optionally rinsing the test tool; contacting a second culture medium with the surface portion coated by elemental heavy metal of said test tool removed in the previous step; and identifying the test bacterium as being capable of binding elemental heavy metal from growth of the test bacterium in said second culture medium.

The invention provides an assay for identifying a bacterium capable of binding elemental heavy metal, comprising the following steps: cultivating a test bacterium in a suitable first culture medium; immersing at least a surface portion of a test too! into the first culture medium for a second predetermined period of time, said surface portion being coated by elemental heavy metal, respectively; removing said test tool from said first culture medium and optionally rinsing the test tool; contacting a second culture medium with the surface portion coated by elemental heavy metal of said test tool removed in the previous step; and identifying the test bacterium as being capable of binding elemental heavy metal from growth of the test bacterium in said second culture medium.

Disclosed herein are methods and compositions for manufacturing, processing and storing composite materials, containing bacterial cellulose and eukaryotic cells, e.g., fungal cells. The methods comprise a first culture, in which bacteria produce a cellulose-containing scaffold, and a second culture, in which the scaffold is cultured in the presence of eukaryotic cells, such as fungi or animal cells, which populate the scaffold to produce the composite material.

Disclosed herein are methods and compositions for manufacturing, processing and storing composite materials, containing bacterial cellulose and eukaryotic cells, e.g., fungal cells. The methods comprise a first culture, in which bacteria produce a cellulose-containing scaffold, and a second culture, in which the scaffold is cultured in the presence of eukaryotic cells, such as fungi or animal cells, which populate the scaffold to produce the composite material.

Provided herein are methods and systems for treating a stream comprising material (e.g., biomass such as plant biomass, animal biomass, agricultural biomass, wastewater sludge, or a combination thereof) with nanobubbles. One such method includes generating nanobubbles in wastewater sludge of a wastewater treatment system to produce nanobubble-containing sludge, the wastewater sludge having a higher solids content than an input stream to the wastewater treatment system, and processing the nanobubble-containing sludge in an anaerobic reactor of the wastewater treatment system.

Provided herein are methods and systems for treating a stream comprising material (e.g., biomass such as plant biomass, animal biomass, agricultural biomass, wastewater sludge, or a combination thereof) with nanobubbles. One such method includes generating nanobubbles in wastewater sludge of a wastewater treatment system to produce nanobubble-containing sludge, the wastewater sludge having a higher solids content than an input stream to the wastewater treatment system, and processing the nanobubble-containing sludge in an anaerobic reactor of the wastewater treatment system.