A method for detecting status of biological cells is disclosed. The method includes culturing a plurality of biological cells on a working electrode of an electrochemical biosensor, changing extracellular acidity of the plurality of cultured biological cells by adding an acidic solution onto the working electrode, monitoring an electrochemical response of the plurality of cultured biological cells by monitoring a cyclic voltammetry (CV) diagram from the plurality of cultured biological cells and/or a differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) diagram from the plurality of cultured biological cells, and detecting a status of the plurality of cultured biological cells within one of three status groups including healthy cells, non-metastatic cancer cells, and metastatic cancer cells based on the monitored electrochemical response.

Extracellular vesicles, their manufacture, and methods of treatment are described. Generally, extracellular vesicles can be generated by applying sulfhydryl blocking reagents on animal cells. Extracellular vesicles can be loaded with compounds for an intended use, such as, for example, loading an extracellular vesicle with a medicament to treat an animal. As described here, extracellular vesicles can be generated in a large scale and used for personalized treatments.

The present disclosure is directed to a method for cultivating a Bordetella species, comprising: cultivating a Bordetella species under aerobic conditions in a liquid culture medium; and maintaining a pH of the liquid culture medium by using a strong acid, such as nitric acid, or using a first and second acid, wherein the first acid is an inorganic acid that dissociates essentially completely in water, such as nitric acid, hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, and wherein the second acid is an inorganic acid having an acid dissociation constant (pKa) of greater than 1, such as phosphoric acid. Methods for increasing the yield of Bordetella fimbrial agglutinogen 2 and fimbrial agglutinogen 3 (FIM2/3) in a supernatant fraction from a Bordetella culture are also provided.

A method of making a flowable, dried agglomerated nutrient medium is provided. The method comprises introducing a nutrient component comprising a powdered nutrient, and an agglomeration liquid, into an agglomerator comprising a flow-through-type agglomeration chamber, wet-massing the nutrient component with the agglomeration liquid in the agglomeration chamber for a predetermined period of time to form agglomerated nutrient medium particles, and exposing the agglomerated nutrient medium particles to drying conditions for a period of time to form the dried, agglomerated nutrient medium. The nutrient component facilitates the growth of a microorganism. Compositions, articles, and kits comprising the flowable, dried agglomerated nutrient medium are also provided.

Methods for adjusting the pH of a cell culture medium, methods for culturing cells in a pH-adjusted cell culture medium, and methods for making a polypeptide expressed by cells cultured in a pH-adjusted cell culture medium are described. Also described are systems for determining how much acid or base should be added to a cell culture medium to obtain a desired pH. The methods include a charge balance model that includes parameters for a functional relationship between a concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide in the cell culture medium, a mole fraction of gaseous carbon dioxide applied to the cell culture medium, a concentration of net medium acids in the cell culture medium, and the desired medium pH.

Methods and compositions are provided for generating or maintaining human iPS cells in culture. Methods include the use of a low osmolality medium to make human iPS cells, or use of a low osmolality medium to maintain human iPS cells. Methods for making targeted genetic modification to human iPS cells cultured in low osmolality medium are also included. Compositions include human iPS cells cultured and maintained using the low osmolality medium defined herein.

Disclosed are means, methods, and compositions of matter useful for generation of viruses that selectively grow in the tumor endothelium and causes lysis or augmentation of tumor immunity. In one embodiment an oncolytic virus is selectively maintained in cells resembling tumor endothelium under conditions allowing for the oncolytic virus to capture immunogenic entities found on the cells resembling tumor endothelial cells. In another embodiment, the endothelial cells resembling tumor endothelial cells are utilized as a Trojan horse for selective delivery of virus into a tumor or tumor microenvironment.

The invention provides a solution to the problem of transfecting non-adherent cells. Methods and compositions containing ethanol and an isotonic salt solution are used for delivery of compounds and compositions to mammalian cells.

A formulation for a culture medium that is specifically designed to supplement a culture of differentiating hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) with the factors necessary for high density manufacture of red blood cells (RBCs) while only requiring partial medium exchanges on a periodic basis. Further, the present disclosure identifies a factor, iron (III) citrate, also referred to as ferric citrate, that can supplant more commonly utilized sources of biological iron in culture medium for a more stable, more cost-effective medium formulation for superior vertical scalability.

The invention describes improved methods and compositions for producing a recombinant protein, e.g., an antibody, in mammalian cell culture. In addition, the invention provides improved cell culture media, including improved production media, feed solutions, and combination feeds, which may be used to improve protein productivity in mammalian cell culture.