A process to hydrolyze cellulose into cellobiose comprising the following steps: providing a reaction vessel; providing a Cellulomonas uda (ATCC 491) inoculum; exposing said Cellulomonas uda (ATCC 491) bacterium to a source of cellulose having a kappa number of less than 10 in an aqueous medium of pH of about 8 at a temperature ranging from 30° C. to 35° C. for a period of time ranging from 14 to 42 days; exposing the cellobiose to a bacterium or fungi or yeast, or combination which converts cellobiose to glucose or ethanol.

The present invention relates to the use of one or more glycosidases in the process for the production and/or purification of a produced desired oligosaccharide. The process is preferably a microbial fermentation process using a host microorganism, which may also comprise nucleic acids expressing sugar catabolic pathway proteins suitable for the degradation of saccharides otherwise hindering the purification of the desired oligosaccharide.

The present invention relates to the use of one or more glycosidases in the process for the production and/or purification of a produced desired oligosaccharide. The process is preferably a microbial fermentation process using a host microorganism, which may also comprise nucleic acids expressing sugar catabolic pathway proteins suitable for the degradation of saccharides otherwise hindering the purification of the desired oligosaccharide.

The present invention relates to the use of one or more glycosidases in the process for the production and/or purification of a produced desired oligosaccharide. The process is preferably a microbial fermentation process using a host microorganism, which may also comprise nucleic acids expressing sugar catabolic pathway proteins suitable for the degradation of saccharides otherwise hindering the purification of the desired oligosaccharide.

Methods of forming an ingredient for human consumption are provided herein. The methods may include isolating one or more soluble polysaccharides from a biomass, generating one or more oligosaccharides from the biomass, and combining the one or more isolated soluble polysaccharides with the generated oligosaccharides to form the ingredient. Methods of pretreating a biomass are also provided. The methods may include administering a physical pretreatment to a biomass, administering a gentle pretreatment to the physically pretreated biomass, and administering a strong pretreatment to the gently pretreated biomass. Ingredients for human consumption are also provided.

Methods of forming an ingredient for human consumption are provided herein. The methods may include isolating one or more soluble polysaccharides from a biomass, generating one or more oligosaccharides from the biomass, and combining the one or more isolated soluble polysaccharides with the generated oligosaccharides to form the ingredient. Methods of pretreating a biomass are also provided. The methods may include administering a physical pretreatment to a biomass, administering a gentle pretreatment to the physically pretreated biomass, and administering a strong pretreatment to the gently pretreated biomass. Ingredients for human consumption are also provided.

A liquid suspension of lignin-rich microparticles can be recovered from anaerobic digestion of ruminant animal manure. This has similar particle size distribution to that obtained from anaerobic digestion of steam pretreated lignocellulosic feedstocks. This demonstrates that similar lignin-rich microparticles can also be formed biologically, in the absence of thermal treatment that melts lignin. As a consequence, given a sufficiently complete digestion, lignin-rich microparticles will be formed during anaerobic digestion of ruminant manure and of lignocellulosic feedstocks that have never been steam pretreated to temperatures above the lignin melting point. Methods for recovering and valorizing this lignin are disclosed.

There is provided a novel sophorolipid derivative having high water solubility and surface activity. A plurality of sophorolipid derivatives having a novel structure is isolated and purified from a cultured product of sophorolipid producing microorganism (Starmerella bombicola, etc.)

##STR00001##

(wherein, R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 are each independently hydrogen, a fatty acid ester having 2 to 22 carbon atoms, or the above SL group, provided that at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 is the SL group in which R are the same or different and each represent hydrogen or an acetyl group and R.sup.n is a linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl group having 13 to 21 carbon atoms).

There is provided a novel sophorolipid derivative having high water solubility and surface activity. A plurality of sophorolipid derivatives having a novel structure is isolated and purified from a cultured product of sophorolipid producing microorganism (Starmerella bombicola, etc.)

##STR00001##

(wherein, R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 are each independently hydrogen, a fatty acid ester having 2 to 22 carbon atoms, or the above SL group, provided that at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 is the SL group in which R are the same or different and each represent hydrogen or an acetyl group and R.sup.n is a linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl group having 13 to 21 carbon atoms).

The disclosure relates to methods, systems and compositions for use in the production of milk. More specifically, the disclosure is directed to systems, compositions and methods for in-vitro production of milk using an array of mammary organoids seeded on tertiary-branched, resilient duct scaffolding.