Multiple polynucleotides having different, arbitrary sequences are synthesized on the surface of an array by spatial control of polymerase activity. The polymerase is a template-independent polymerase such as terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). Spatial control of polymerase activity is implemented by localized changes in redox-pH conditions. A single species of nucleotide is added and incorporated on growing polynucleotide strands at locations on the array where the polymerase is active. A washing step removes the polymerase and free nucleotides. This process may be repeated multiple times changing both the location of polymerase activity and the species of nucleotide thereby synthesizing different polynucleotides in parallel on the surface of the array. Polymerase activity may be regulated by removing a blocking group attached to a His-tag sequence on the polymerase, a change in pH, or release of encapsulated inhibitors.

Methods and compositions for protecting DNA from light-induced damage and other modifications that occur during DNA sequencing using fluorescent dyes are disclosed.

Methods and compositions for protecting DNA from light-induced damage and other modifications that occur during DNA sequencing using fluorescent dyes are disclosed.

An apparatus includes a flow cell body, a plurality of electrodes, an integrated circuit, and an imaging assembly. The flow cell body defines one or more flow channels and a plurality of wells. Each flow channel is configured to receive a flow of fluid. Each well is fluidically coupled with the corresponding flow channel. Each well is configured to contain at least one polynucleotide. Each electrode is positioned in a corresponding well of the plurality of wells. The electrodes are operable to effect writing of polynucleotides in the corresponding wells. The integrated circuit is operable to drive selective deposition or activation of selected nucleotides to attach to polynucleotides in the wells to thereby generate polynucleotides representing machine-written data in the wells. The imaging assembly is operable to capture images indicative of one or more nucleotides in a polynucleotide.

An apparatus includes a flow cell body, a plurality of electrodes, an integrated circuit, and an imaging assembly. The flow cell body defines one or more flow channels and a plurality of wells. Each flow channel is configured to receive a flow of fluid. Each well is fluidically coupled with the corresponding flow channel. Each well is configured to contain at least one polynucleotide. Each electrode is positioned in a corresponding well of the plurality of wells. The electrodes are operable to effect writing of polynucleotides in the corresponding wells. The integrated circuit is operable to drive selective deposition or activation of selected nucleotides to attach to polynucleotides in the wells to thereby generate polynucleotides representing machine-written data in the wells. The imaging assembly is operable to capture images indicative of one or more nucleotides in a polynucleotide.

This disclosure relates to methods for determining pH and also calcium (Ca.sup.2+) concentration or chloride (Cl.sup.−) concentration in biological samples. More particularly, this disclosure relates to methods capable of simultaneously determining pH and Ca.sup.2+ concentration, or pH and Cl.sup.− concentration using nucleic acid complexes.

This disclosure relates to methods for determining pH and also calcium (Ca.sup.2+) concentration or chloride (Cl.sup.−) concentration in biological samples. More particularly, this disclosure relates to methods capable of simultaneously determining pH and Ca.sup.2+ concentration, or pH and Cl.sup.− concentration using nucleic acid complexes.

A chip, a detection system and a gene sequencing method are provided. When the chip is used for gene sequencing, sample genes and reversible terminating nucleotides are added into micropores and matched therein to release hydrogen ions such that a Nernst potential is induced on an ion-sensitive film surface, and a voltage is applied to the transparent electrode layer to generate an electric field, thereby controlling the switching layer to change its state, and then a base type of the genes is determined based on a type of reversible terminating nucleotide corresponding to information of light emitted from the switching layer upon changes in the state of the switching layer, thereby gene sequencing is achieved.

A chip, a detection system and a gene sequencing method are provided. When the chip is used for gene sequencing, sample genes and reversible terminating nucleotides are added into micropores and matched therein to release hydrogen ions such that a Nernst potential is induced on an ion-sensitive film surface, and a voltage is applied to the transparent electrode layer to generate an electric field, thereby controlling the switching layer to change its state, and then a base type of the genes is determined based on a type of reversible terminating nucleotide corresponding to information of light emitted from the switching layer upon changes in the state of the switching layer, thereby gene sequencing is achieved.

A DNA sequencing and blood chemistry analysis system and method are provided including one or more sensor chips and one or more sample wells, wherein each sample well is configured to form a seal with one of the sensors. The one or more sensor chips may comprise Graphene transistors, and each transistor having an associated sequencing probe. The sensor chips interact with a biological sample introduced into the sample well, wherein changes in the current, transconductance, and resistance of the Graphene transistors are indicative of a DNA binding process. Based on the associated sequencing probes, the DNA sequence present in a biological sample can be identified.