Provided is a method for producing a cell contained base, the method being capable of providing a cell contained base highly accurately controlled in number of nucleic acid molecules contained in a low-concentration nucleic acid standard sample, the method including a liquid droplet discharging step of discharging a cell suspension in the form of a liquid droplet with a liquid droplet discharging unit onto a base including at least one cell contained region; a cell number counting step of counting a number of cells contained in the liquid droplet with a plurality of sensors from two or more directions while the liquid droplet is flying into the cell contained region; and a liquid droplet landing step of landing the liquid droplet in the at least one cell contained region in a manner that a predetermined number of cells are located in the at least one cell contained region.

A system for and method of antimicrobial susceptibility testing includes detecting a resonance peak of a sensor provided with live microbes on a surface thereof; applying a substance to the live microbes; detecting a resonance peak of said sensor after application of said substance; determining a width of a top of each of said resonance peaks before and after application of the substance from one of: (1) a phase angle versus frequency plot where the phase angle is the phase angle of the electrical impedance of said sensor, (2) a real part of a plot of an electrical impedance versus frequency of said sensor, (3) a plot of a magnitude of electrical impedance versus frequency of said sensor, and (4) a phase angle versus frequency plot where the phase angle is the phase angle between an output voltage and an input voltage of said sensor, and comparing the determined widths of tops of said resonance peaks or standard deviations of the frequency of said resonance peaks to determine antimicrobial susceptibility including the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).

A method of quantifying target molecules comprising the steps of: binding target molecules to a surface, wherein the target molecules are presented for a quantification assay; cleaning the target molecules of contaminating reagents, wherein the target molecules remain bound to the surface; directly quantifying the target molecules, wherein the target molecules remain bound to the surface, wherein direct quantification of the target molecules is performed by measurement of intrinsic fluorescence of the target molecules.

A method of quantifying target molecules comprising the steps of: binding target molecules to a surface, wherein the target molecules are presented for a quantification assay; cleaning the target molecules of contaminating reagents, wherein the target molecules remain bound to the surface; directly quantifying the target molecules, wherein the target molecules remain bound to the surface, wherein direct quantification of the target molecules is performed by measurement of intrinsic fluorescence of the target molecules.

Capture probe libraries can be used to enrich a region of interest in a sequencing library for high-depth sequencing. The capture probes within the capture probe libraries often do not function in a predictable or uniform manner. Described herein are balanced capture probe libraries and methods of balancing capture probe libraries. A sequencing library can be enriched using balanced capture probe libraries, and the enriched sequencing library can be sequenced to obtain a sequencing depth closer to a desired sequencing depth.

Capture probe libraries can be used to enrich a region of interest in a sequencing library for high-depth sequencing. The capture probes within the capture probe libraries often do not function in a predictable or uniform manner. Described herein are balanced capture probe libraries and methods of balancing capture probe libraries. A sequencing library can be enriched using balanced capture probe libraries, and the enriched sequencing library can be sequenced to obtain a sequencing depth closer to a desired sequencing depth.

Disclosed herein include systems, methods, compositions, and kits for determining the spatial location and copy number of targets (e.g., nucleic acid targets, cellular component targets) in a sample. There are provided, in some embodiments, substrates comprising a plurality of spatial regions. A plurality of oligonucleotide barcodes can be associated with each of the spatial regions and can comprise a predetermined spatial label. Oligonucleotide barcodes of the same spatial region can comprise the same spatial label, and oligonucleotide barcodes of the different spatial regions can comprise different spatial labels. The method can comprise contacting the substrate with a sample such that each distinct spatial region contacts a distinct spatial location of the sample. The method can comprise in situ extension (e.g., reverse transcription) of the oligonucleotide barcodes.

Disclosed herein include systems, methods, compositions, and kits for determining the spatial location and copy number of targets (e.g., nucleic acid targets, cellular component targets) in a sample. There are provided, in some embodiments, substrates comprising a plurality of spatial regions. A plurality of oligonucleotide barcodes can be associated with each of the spatial regions and can comprise a predetermined spatial label. Oligonucleotide barcodes of the same spatial region can comprise the same spatial label, and oligonucleotide barcodes of the different spatial regions can comprise different spatial labels. The method can comprise contacting the substrate with a sample such that each distinct spatial region contacts a distinct spatial location of the sample. The method can comprise in situ extension (e.g., reverse transcription) of the oligonucleotide barcodes.

Some examples relate to a method for characterizing polynucleotides in a sample. First polynucleotides coupled to a first substrate may be hybridized to second polynucleotides in a sample. First labeled nucleotides may be added to the first polynucleotides using a sequence of the second polynucleotides. A first signal intensity from the first labeled nucleotides is measured. Second labeled nucleotides are added to the first polynucleotides using the sequence of the second polynucleotides. A second signal intensity from the second labeled nucleotides is measured. The first signal intensity is normalized using the second signal intensity. The normalized first signal intensity characterizes the second polynucleotides in the sample.

Some examples relate to a method for characterizing polynucleotides in a sample. First polynucleotides coupled to a first substrate may be hybridized to second polynucleotides in a sample. First labeled nucleotides may be added to the first polynucleotides using a sequence of the second polynucleotides. A first signal intensity from the first labeled nucleotides is measured. Second labeled nucleotides are added to the first polynucleotides using the sequence of the second polynucleotides. A second signal intensity from the second labeled nucleotides is measured. The first signal intensity is normalized using the second signal intensity. The normalized first signal intensity characterizes the second polynucleotides in the sample.