Disclosed are methods and compositions for producing xylosylated steviol glycosides that include a xylose residue, or an oligosaccharide moiety including a xylose residue, attached to the 19 carbon of the steviol base. A glycosyltransferase having UDP-xylose:19-steviol xylosyltransferase activity (such as one of SEQ ID NO:1 or a homolog or variant thereof) forms the xylosylated steviol glycoside using a steviol glycoside acceptor having a glucose residue attached to the 19 carbon of the steviol base. Glycosyltransferase variants with increased activity are also described.

Provided herein, in some embodiments, are methods and composition for the production of nucleoside triphosphates and ribonucleic acids.

The field of the present invention relates, in part, to a strategy for novel pharmaceutical applications. More specifically, the present invention relates to a non-toxic mutant form of the Vibrio cholera Cholix gene (ntCholix), a variant of Cholix truncated at amino acid A.sup.386 (Cholix.sup.386) and the use of other various Cholix-derived polypeptide sequences to enhance intestinal delivery of biologically-active therapeutics. Importantly, the systems and methods described herein provide for the following: the ability to deliver macromolecule doses without injections; the ability to deliver cargo, such as (but not limited to) siRNA or antisense molecules into intracellular compartments where their activity is required; and the delivery of nanoparticles and dendrimer-based carriers across biological membranes, which otherwise would have been impeded due to the barrier properties of most such membranes.

An engineered payload-delivery system includes a target cell binding unit, covalently bound to a pore forming unit, and a payload portion adapted with a region capable of non-covalently binding to the pore forming unit. The pore forming unit is derived from a particular sub-serotype of Clostridium toxin, while the payload region is derived from a different sub-serotype of Clostridium toxin. The disclosed chimeric protein-based composition is capable of specifically delivering payload to neural cells.

Provided herein are plants having altered expression of an IRX10 or an IRX10-L protein. Such plants have phenotypes that may include decreased recalcitrance, increased growth, decreased lignin content, or a combination thereof. Also provided herein are methods of making and using such plants.

The present invention relates generally to genes and polypeptides which have utility in glycosylating quillaic acid in host cells, including enzymes capable of successive glycosylation at the C-3 position of quillaic acid. The invention further relates to systems, methods and products employing the same.

The present invention relates to compounds for use in treating a disease or disorder associated with muscle fibrosis in a subject. In particular, the present invention relates to inhibitors of the RhoA/ROCK pathway for use in treating a disease or disorder associated with muscle fibrosis, like muscular dystrophy in a subject.