This invention provides processes and systems for converting biomass into high carbon biogenic reagents that are suitable for a variety of commercial applications. Some embodiments employ pyrolysis in the presence of an inert gas to generate hot pyrolyzed solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, followed by separation of vapors and gases, and cooling of the hot pyrolyzed solids in the presence of the inert gas. Additives may be introduced during processing or combined with the reagent, or both. The biogenic reagent may include at least 70 wt %, 80 wt %, 90 wt %, 95 wt %, or more total carbon on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may have an energy content of at least 12,000 Btu/lb, 13,000 Btu/lb, 14,000 Btu/lb, or 14,500 Btu/lb on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may be formed into fine powders, or structural objects. The structural objects may have a structure and/or strength that derive from the feedstock, heat rate, and additives.

This invention provides processes and systems for converting biomass into high carbon biogenic reagents that are suitable for a variety of commercial applications. Some embodiments employ pyrolysis in the presence of an inert gas to generate hot pyrolyzed solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, followed by separation of vapors and gases, and cooling of the hot pyrolyzed solids in the presence of the inert gas. Additives may be introduced during processing or combined with the reagent, or both. The biogenic reagent may include at least 70 wt %, 80 wt %, 90 wt %, 95 wt %, or more total carbon on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may have an energy content of at least 12,000 Btu/lb, 13,000 Btu/lb, 14,000 Btu/lb, or 14,500 Btu/lb on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may be formed into fine powders, or structural objects. The structural objects may have a structure and/or strength that derive from the feedstock, heat rate, and additives.

A method for preheating metal pellets before charging into a melting furnace, wherein the pellets are transported by a conveyor belt to a chute and discharged from the chute into the melting furnace, the method including heating the pellets by direct flame impingement from two or more banks of burners, wherein the two or more banks of burners comprise an upstream bank of burners and a downstream bank of burners; and controlling the upstream bank of burners to operate oxygen-rich so as to create an oxidizing zone and the downstream bank of burners to operate fuel-rich so as to create a reducing zone.

Disclosed is a method for smelting low nitrogen steel by using an electric furnace. The smelting is performed using a dual-shell electric furnace, The dual-shell electric furnace has two furnace shells. An arc power system of the dual-shell electric furnace is used for alternatively electric heating on the two furnace shells, wherein when one of the two furnace shells is subjected to electric heating, feeding, sealing of a molten pool and blowing of a combustion medium and oxygen are sequentially carried out in the other furnace shell to start smelting. When the temperature of molten steel in the furnace shell subjected to electric heating reaches a target temperature, electric heating starts to be carried out on the other furnace shell. The method for efficiently smelting the low nitrogen steel by using the electric furnace of the disclosure, not only can shorten the smelting period and improve the throughput of a production line of an electric furnace, but also smelt low nitrogen steel to satisfy the requirements of the market on high-end steel. in addition, the method for efficiently smelting the low nitrogen steel by using the electric furnace of the disclosure can reduce the discharge of dust and smoke, thereby protecting the environment.

This invention provides processes and systems for converting biomass into high-carbon biogenic reagents that are suitable for a variety of commercial applications. Some embodiments employ pyrolysis in the presence of an inert gas to generate hot pyrolyzed solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, followed by separation of vapors and gases, and cooling of the hot pyrolyzed solids in the presence of the inert gas. Additives may be introduced during processing or combined with the reagent, or both. The biogenic reagent may include at least 70 wt %, 80 wt %, 90 wt %, 95 wt %, or more total carbon on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may have an energy content of at least 12,000 Btu/lb, 13,000 Btu/lb, 14,000 Btu/lb, or 14,500 Btu/lb on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may be formed into fine powders, or structural objects. The structural objects may have a structure and/or strength that derive from the feedstock, heat rate, and additives.

This invention provides processes and systems for converting biomass into high-carbon biogenic reagents that are suitable for a variety of commercial applications. Some embodiments employ pyrolysis in the presence of an inert gas to generate hot pyrolyzed solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, followed by separation of vapors and gases, and cooling of the hot pyrolyzed solids in the presence of the inert gas. Additives may be introduced during processing or combined with the reagent, or both. The biogenic reagent may include at least 70 wt %, 80 wt %, 90 wt %, 95 wt %, or more total carbon on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may have an energy content of at least 12,000 Btu/lb, 13,000 Btu/lb, 14,000 Btu/lb, or 14,500 Btu/lb on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may be formed into fine powders, or structural objects. The structural objects may have a structure and/or strength that derive from the feedstock, heat rate, and additives.

A gas injection system includes a tubular wall 3 capable of being thermally stressed and having a proximal extremity and a distal extremity 11, at the distal extremity, at least one extremity opening through which at least one gas is projected. A cooling is system located in the tubular wall including axial channels 12 which extend axially towards the distal extremity and in which a cooling fluid is circulated. Connecting channels 13 circumferentially join the axial channels to each other at the distal extremity of the tubular wall. The connecting channels, which circumferentially join the axial channels at the distal extremity of the tubular wall, have a rounded shape in the direction of the distal extremity.

A gas injection system includes a tubular wall 3 capable of being thermally stressed and having a proximal extremity and a distal extremity 11, at the distal extremity, at least one extremity opening through which at least one gas is projected. A cooling is system located in the tubular wall including axial channels 12 which extend axially towards the distal extremity and in which a cooling fluid is circulated. Connecting channels 13 circumferentially join the axial channels to each other at the distal extremity of the tubular wall. The connecting channels, which circumferentially join the axial channels at the distal extremity of the tubular wall, have a rounded shape in the direction of the distal extremity.

The invention relates to a process for producing low-nitrogen crude steel. This process includes melting directly reduced iron and/or scrap in a melting furnace with arc resistance heating to give a metallic melt and a slag. The metallic melt is removed from the melting furnace and used to charge a converter. The metallic melt is refined in the converter to give liquid crude steel. The liquid crude steel is tapped having a nitrogen content [N] of not more than 50 ppm, especially of not more than 30 ppm.

The present disclosure provides a method of making non-grain oriented (NGO) electrical steel. The method includes tapping the liquid steel out of a primary steelmaking furnace. Deoxidizing the liquid steel before or after transferring the deoxidized liquid steel to a ladle metallurgy furnace. Removing sulfur at the ladle metallurgy furnace (LMF). Adding fluxes and deoxidizer to the ladle slag and/or skimming off ladle slag to prevent sulfur reversion. Transferring the liquid steel from the ladle metallurgy furnace to an RH degasser for carbon removal by blowing oxygen. Adding fluxes at the RH before oxygen blowing to fortify the bottom layer of the ladle slag to prevent sulfur reversion. The removal of oxygen and sulfur prior to transferring the liquid steel to the RH degasser facilitates nitrogen removal and prevents carbon pick up during the step of adding fluxes and arcing for sulfur removal if sulfur removal is carried out at the LMF after carbon removal at the RH degasser in the conventional process. Oxygen blowing at the RH also lowered the titanium pickup from the earlier desulfurization process. The ultra low levels of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and titanium in the NGO steel made using this method enabled the excellent magnetic properties achieved in the finishing NGO products.