Rolling support and guiding element (2) for a rail vehicle, comprising at least one upper portion forming the rolling surface, said portion being made from steel (1) having a composition comprising, in addition to Fe: 0.15C0.3%, 1Mn2%, 0.2%Ni1%, 0.5Cr2%, the steel (1) having a mixed structure of tempered martensite and residual austenite and bainite after having undergone a tempering heat treatment at a controlled speed and for a controlled length of time.

In a track part, in particular a low-alloy steel rail for rail vehicles, the steel comprises, in the rail head of the track part, a ferrite portion of 5-15 vol %, an austenite portion of 5-20 vol %, a martensite portion of 5-20 vol %, and a portion of carbide-free bainite of 55-75 vol %.

In a track part, in particular a low-alloy steel rail for rail vehicles, the steel comprises, in the rail head of the track part, a ferrite portion of 5-15 vol %, an austenite portion of 5-20 vol %, a martensite portion of 5-20 vol %, and a portion of carbide-free bainite of 55-75 vol %.

The disclosure discloses a method for reinforcing a rail by laser and auxiliary heat source efficient hybrid cladding. The laser and the auxiliary heat source simultaneously apply on a region to be cladded of a rail surface. The laser serves as a main heat source to enable simultaneous and rapid fusion of an added metal powder and partial substrate material in the rail surface to form a molten pool. The auxiliary heat source moves with the laser heat source in the same direction at the same speed, and performs synchronous preheating and/or post-heating on the laser molten pool, the heat-affected zone and the surface layer of the rail substrate to reduce the temperature gradient, thereby reducing the cooling rate, and avoiding martensite transformation and cracking in the heat-affected zone.

The disclosure discloses a method for reinforcing a rail by laser and auxiliary heat source efficient hybrid cladding. The laser and the auxiliary heat source simultaneously apply on a region to be cladded of a rail surface. The laser serves as a main heat source to enable simultaneous and rapid fusion of an added metal powder and partial substrate material in the rail surface to form a molten pool. The auxiliary heat source moves with the laser heat source in the same direction at the same speed, and performs synchronous preheating and/or post-heating on the laser molten pool, the heat-affected zone and the surface layer of the rail substrate to reduce the temperature gradient, thereby reducing the cooling rate, and avoiding martensite transformation and cracking in the heat-affected zone.

A friction apparatus is provided. The friction apparatus includes: a first member having a first surface; and a second member having a second surface that contacts the first surface, and moving while in contact with the first member, wherein at least one of the first surface and the second surface is hardened.

A friction apparatus is provided. The friction apparatus includes: a first member having a first surface; and a second member having a second surface that contacts the first surface, and moving while in contact with the first member, wherein at least one of the first surface and the second surface is hardened.

A method of making a high strength head-hardened crane rail and the crane rail produced by the method. The method comprises the steps of providing a steel rail having a composition comprising, in weight percent: C 0.79-1.00%; Mn 0.40-1.00; Si 0.30-1.00; Cr 0.20-1.00; V 0.05-0.35; Ti 0.01-0.035; N 0.002 to 0.0150; and the remainder being predominantly iron. The steel rail is cooled from a temperature between about 700 and 800 C. at a cooling rate having an upper cooling rate boundary plot defined by an upper line connecting xy-coordinates (0 s, 800 C.), (40 s, 700 C.), and (140 s, 600 C.) and a lower cooling rate boundary plot defined by a lower line connecting xy-coordinates (0 s, 700 C.), (40 s, 600 C.), and (140 s, 500 C.).

A method of making a high strength head-hardened crane rail and the crane rail produced by the method. The method comprises the steps of providing a steel rail having a composition comprising, in weight percent: C 0.79-1.00%; Mn 0.40-1.00; Si 0.30-1.00; Cr 0.20-1.00; V 0.05-0.35; Ti 0.01-0.035; N 0.002 to 0.0150; and the remainder being predominantly iron. The steel rail is cooled from a temperature between about 700 and 800 C. at a cooling rate having an upper cooling rate boundary plot defined by an upper line connecting xy-coordinates (0 s, 800 C.), (40 s, 700 C.), and (140 s, 600 C.) and a lower cooling rate boundary plot defined by a lower line connecting xy-coordinates (0 s, 700 C.), (40 s, 600 C.), and (140 s, 500 C.).

A track link for a ground-engaging track system includes an elongate link body having an upper rail surface located in part upon each of a first link strap, a second link strap, and a middle section of the track link. The upper rail surface is formed by a wear band of sacrificial wear material having a hardness that is varied lengthwise along the upper rail surface to retard scalloping of the track link during service and forming relatively softer zones in the first and second link straps and a relatively harder zone within the middle section. Methodology for making such a track link is also disclosed.