Systems and methods for recovering material from a gas phase are provided. Exemplary systems include a moving bed of particles onto which material can be deposited. The systems can operate in a continuous or semi-continuous mode.

Systems and methods for recovering material from a gas phase are provided. Exemplary systems include a moving bed of particles onto which material can be deposited. The systems can operate in a continuous or semi-continuous mode.

A method of processing finely divided reactive particulates (R.sub.Particulate) and forming a product comprising: providing a composite material comprising finely divided reactive particulates (R.sub.Particulate) dispersed in a protective matrix; at least partially exposing the finely divided reactive particulates (R.sub.Particulate); and forming the product.

A method of processing finely divided reactive particulates (R.sub.Particulate) and forming a product comprising: providing a composite material comprising finely divided reactive particulates (R.sub.Particulate) dispersed in a protective matrix; at least partially exposing the finely divided reactive particulates (R.sub.Particulate); and forming the product.

Provided is a neodymium-based rare earth permanent magnet having a purity of 99.9 wt % or higher excluding gas components and component elements. The present invention can remarkably improve the magnetic properties in a neodymium-based rare earth permanent magnet by highly purifying the magnetic materials. Furthermore, the present invention aims to provide a high-performance neodymium-based rare earth permanent magnet with improved heat resistance and corrosion resistance, which are inherent drawbacks of magnetic materials.

Methods of preparing Zr based metallic using Zr sponge refined by a refining process are described. An exemplary method includes heating Zr sponge in a processing chamber with an electron-beam-heating apparatus or an arc-melting apparatus under a desired pressure condition to release volatile contaminants from the Zr sponge, introducing a purge gas into the processing chamber and permitting the purge gas to intermingle with at least some of the released volatile contaminants, evacuating the processing chamber to extract at least some of the purge gas and released volatile contaminants, repeating the heating of the Zr sponge, the introducing of the purge gas, and the evacuating of the processing chamber release and evacuate additional volatile contaminants from the Zr sponge to provide a processed Zr sponge with enhanced purity, and melting the processed Zr sponge with multiple other alloy constituents to provide a Zr-based metallic alloy.

Provided is a non-oriented electrical steel sheet having such a low Al concentration so that it is excellent in terms of the recycling efficiency of scrap iron and having a high magnetic flux density and low iron loss. The non-oriented electrical steel sheet according to the present invention has a chemical composition containing C; 0.0050 mass % or less, Si; 1.5 mass % to 5.0 mass %, Mn; 0.2 mass % to 3.0 mass %, sol.Al; 0.0030 mass % or less, P; 0.2 mass % or less, S; 0.0050 mass % or less, N; 0.0040 mass % or less, T.Ca; 0.0010 mass % to 0.0080 mass %, T.O; 0.0100 mass % or less, REM; 0.0001 mass % to 0.0050 mass %, and a balance of Fe and inevitable impurities, in which a value of a mass-related fractional expression ((T.Ca+REM)/(T.O+S)), which is a relational expression for the masses of the four constituents described above, that is, T.Ca, REM, T.O, and S, is 0.4 or more.

Provided is a non-oriented electrical steel sheet having such a low Al concentration so that it is excellent in terms of the recycling efficiency of scrap iron and having a high magnetic flux density and low iron loss. The non-oriented electrical steel sheet according to the present invention has a chemical composition containing C; 0.0050 mass % or less, Si; 1.5 mass % to 5.0 mass %, Mn; 0.2 mass % to 3.0 mass %, sol.Al; 0.0030 mass % or less, P; 0.2 mass % or less, S; 0.0050 mass % or less, N; 0.0040 mass % or less, T.Ca; 0.0010 mass % to 0.0080 mass %, T.O; 0.0100 mass % or less, REM; 0.0001 mass % to 0.0050 mass %, and a balance of Fe and inevitable impurities, in which a value of a mass-related fractional expression ((T.Ca+REM)/(T.O+S)), which is a relational expression for the masses of the four constituents described above, that is, T.Ca, REM, T.O, and S, is 0.4 or more.

A method of purifying erbium is provided to produce a high-purity erbium having a purity of 5N or higher excluding rare earth elements and gas components, and containing Al, Fe, Cu, and Ta each in an amount of 1 wtppm or less, W in an amount of 10 wtppm or less, carbon in an amount of 150 wtppm or less, alkali metals and alkali earth metals each in an amount of 1 wtppm or less, other transition metal elements in a total amount of 10 wtppm or less, and U and Th as radioactive elements each in an amount of 10 wtppb or less. Erbium has a high vapor pressure and is difficult to refine in a molten state. The method provides technology for efficiently and stably providing high-purity erbium, a sputtering target made of high-purity erbium, and a metal gate film having high-purity erbium as a main component thereof.

A method of purifying erbium is provided to produce a high-purity erbium having a purity of 5N or higher excluding rare earth elements and gas components, and containing Al, Fe, Cu, and Ta each in an amount of 1 wtppm or less, W in an amount of 10 wtppm or less, carbon in an amount of 150 wtppm or less, alkali metals and alkali earth metals each in an amount of 1 wtppm or less, other transition metal elements in a total amount of 10 wtppm or less, and U and Th as radioactive elements each in an amount of 10 wtppb or less. Erbium has a high vapor pressure and is difficult to refine in a molten state. The method provides technology for efficiently and stably providing high-purity erbium, a sputtering target made of high-purity erbium, and a metal gate film having high-purity erbium as a main component thereof.