Provided is a method for filling a stem-side hollow area of an engine valve with metallic sodium. The method includes injecting melted metallic sodium into a cylinder having a larger diameter than an inner diameter of the hollow area of the engine valve, forming a solidified metallic sodium rod having a substantially uniform structure in the cylinder, inserting the metallic sodium into the hollow area of the engine valve through a nozzle having a small diameter, and sealing the engine valve.

Provided is a method for filling a stem-side hollow area of an engine valve with metallic sodium. The method includes injecting melted metallic sodium into a cylinder having a larger diameter than an inner diameter of the hollow area of the engine valve, forming a solidified metallic sodium rod having a substantially uniform structure in the cylinder, inserting the metallic sodium into the hollow area of the engine valve through a nozzle having a small diameter, and sealing the engine valve.

The present invention relates to a method for producing a potassium sulfate containing fertilizer composition from a sodium sulfate containing residue process stream of a battery manufacturing facility, battery recycling facility, or steel production plant, wherein residue process stream from a battery manufacturing facility, battery recycling facility, or steel production plant is provided; optionally water is provided; potassium chloride is provided; and a reaction mixture is provided comprising said optional water, potassium chloride and residue process stream, and is allowed to react, wherein potassium sulfate is obtained.

A system and method for recovering heavy metals from nonhazardous scrap lead acid battery slag using pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical process to clean slag for commercial use as an environmentally friendly substitute solid filler in product. Process recovers previously nonhazardous landfilled lead and tin for value economically for the business unit and repurposes the businesses major solid waste stream. Methods iteratively remove tin, lead, antimony, arsenic from slag to be used in commercial materials as well as concentrate lead and tin in a fume to recover lead for recycled production and produce commercial grade tin.

A system and method for recovering heavy metals from nonhazardous scrap lead acid battery slag using pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical process to clean slag for commercial use as an environmentally friendly substitute solid filler in product. Process recovers previously nonhazardous landfilled lead and tin for value economically for the business unit and repurposes the businesses major solid waste stream. Methods iteratively remove tin, lead, antimony, arsenic from slag to be used in commercial materials as well as concentrate lead and tin in a fume to recover lead for recycled production and produce commercial grade tin.

Acquisition of critical minerals via refinement from aqueous sources. Technological and geopolitical advantages inure to conflict-free refinement of rare materials including critical minerals used in production of energy storage devices, among other applications. Additionally, the applied clean tech methods advance environmental goals such as those given in the Paris Agreement. Various site-specific system configurations and corresponding site-specific methods of operation bring to bear a panoply of economically viable approaches to critical mineral refinement. In some approaches, electrical power needed to drive refinement is provided by selected site-specific renewable energy sources. Real-world implementations involve co-locating a dissociative reactor with a geothermal energy plant near a salar or other source (preferably aqueous) of critical minerals therein. Refined critical minerals are produced on site. Deployment of the various site-specific configurations of systems and practice of corresponding site-specific methods reduces or eliminates negative environmental impacts such as those incurred by legacy mining-based techniques.

The invention discloses a mineralization method of a calcium chloride-type from lithium-containing salt lake brine by evaporation and brine mixing, comprising the following steps of: (1) naturally evaporating the calcium chloride-type from lithium-containing salt lake brine to precipitate sodium salt and potassium-containing mixed salt; and (2) when calcium in the brine is saturated, adding saturated solution of magnesium chloride in a certain proportion for brine mixing operation, and then naturally evaporating to precipitate carnallite, wherein a lithium-containing old brine with low potassium and sodium contents is obtained when magnesium in the brine is saturated. The method has the characteristics of simple process, simple and convenient operation, high potassium yield and easy extraction of lithium from lithium-containing brine, and has practical significance for the development and utilization of potassium and lithium resources in calcium chloride salt lakes.

A method for selectively extracting sedimentogenic strontium and barium from terrigenous elastic sediments to reflect the difference between marine and continental sedimentary environments is disclosed. The method comprises collecting loose sediment, removing visible biogenic clasts, baking the sample and crushing the sample to a grain size no larger than 100-mesh. The method further comprises weighing the sample, reacting the sample in acetic acid or acetic acid-acetate solution, stirring or oscillating the sample at room temperature and normal pressure, separating the solid and liquid after reaction and analyzing strontium and barium in the supernatant. The gained Sr/Ba ratio of the supernatant reflects whether the sediments were deposited in a marine or a continental sedimentary environment.

A method for selectively extracting sedimentogenic strontium and barium from terrigenous elastic sediments to reflect the difference between marine and continental sedimentary environments is disclosed. The method comprises collecting loose sediment, removing visible biogenic clasts, baking the sample and crushing the sample to a grain size no larger than 100-mesh. The method further comprises weighing the sample, reacting the sample in acetic acid or acetic acid-acetate solution, stirring or oscillating the sample at room temperature and normal pressure, separating the solid and liquid after reaction and analyzing strontium and barium in the supernatant. The gained Sr/Ba ratio of the supernatant reflects whether the sediments were deposited in a marine or a continental sedimentary environment.

The present invention provides an alkali metal and/or alkali earth metal extraction method that has excellent extraction efficiency and allows repeated use of an aqueous solution that extracts an alkali metal and/or alkali earth metal from a solid. The alkali metal and/or alkali earth metal extraction method is a method for extracting an alkali metal and/or alkali earth metal from a solid containing the alkali metal and/or alkali earth metal, the method including an elution step in which the solid is added to a neutral amino acid-containing aqueous solution or an amino acid-containing mixed aqueous solution produced by mixing a pH adjusting agent with an aqueous solution containing at least one of a neutral amino acid, an acidic amino acid and a basic amino acid so as to elute the alkali metal and/or alkali earth metal in the neutral amino acid-containing aqueous solution or the amino acid-containing mixed aqueous solution.