Composite material, where the matrix material and the additive are held together by covalently or non-covalently bound ligands. The linker unit between matrix and additive has the structure Ligand1-LinkerL-Ligand 2, wherein Ligand1 and Ligand2 are a bond or a chemical entity that is capable of binding covalently or non-covalently to a structural entity, such as a polymer matrix or the additive (ex. CNT, graphene, carbon nanofiber, etc), and LinkerL is a chemical bond or entity that links Ligand1 and Ligand2.

A methodology is disclosed to produce nanostructured carbon particles that act as effective reinforcements. The process is conducted in the solid state at close to ambient conditions. The carbon nanostructures produced under this discovery are nanostructured and are synthesized by mechanical means at standard conditions. The benefit of this processing methodology is that those carbon nanostructures can be used as effective reinforcements for composites of various matrices. As example, are to demonstrate its effectiveness the following matrices were including in testing: ceramic, metallic, and polymeric (organic and inorganic), as well as bio-polymers. The reinforcements have been introduced in those matrices at room and elevated temperatures. The raw material is carbon soot that is a byproduct and hence abundant and cheaper than pristine carbon alternatives (e.g. nanotubes, graphene).

Composite material, where the matrix material and the additive are held together by covalently or non-covalently bound ligands. The linker unit between matrix and additive has the structure Ligand1-LinkerL-Ligand 2, wherein Ligand1 and Ligand2 are a bond or a chemical entity that is capable of binding covalently or non-covalently to a structural entity, such as a polymer matrix or the additive (ex. CNT, graphene, carbon nanofiber, etc), and LinkerL is a chemical bond or entity that links Ligand1 and Ligand2.

A methodology is disclosed to produce nanostructured carbon particles that act as effective reinforcements. The process is conducted in the solid state at close to ambient conditions. The carbon nanostructures produced under this discovery are nanostructured and are synthesized by mechanical means at standard conditions. The benefit of this processing methodology is that those carbon nanostructures can be used as effective reinforcements for composites of various matrices. As example, are to demonstrate its effectiveness the following matrices were including in testing: ceramic, metallic, and polymeric (organic and inorganic), as well as bio-polymers. The reinforcements have been introduced in those matrices at room and elevated temperatures. The raw material is carbon soot that is a byproduct and hence abundant and cheaper than pristine carbon alternatives (e.g. nanotubes, graphene).

There are provided methods and systems for creating multi-phase covetics. For example, there is provided a process for making a composite material. The process includes forming a multi-phase covetic. The forming includes heating a melt including a metal in a molten state and a carbon source to a first temperature threshold to form metal-carbon bonds. The forming further includes subsequently heating the melt to a second temperature threshold, the second temperature threshold being greater than the first temperature threshold. The second temperature threshold is a temperature at or above which ordered multi-phase covetics form in the melt.

A light metal material having a tensile strength of >180 MPa at room temperature is provided, as well as a method for producing such a light metal material and the use of such a light metal material as a piston component in a rotary piston engine.

This mixed powder for powder metallurgy, the powder having excellent fluidity and minimal graphite powder scattering, can be obtained relatively conveniently by mixing fine graphite having an average grain diameter of 4 m or less with an iron based powder. The process is performed without the addition of a binder and while shearing force is applied. It is preferable that the fine graphite have an average grain diameter of 2.4 m or less and be wet-milled. A portion of the fine graphite is preferably added in place of at least one constituent selected from the group consisting of carbon black, fullerene, carbon compounds carbonized by baking, and graphite having an average grain diameter of 5 m or more.

The present disclosure provides a magnesium-based composite material and a method of forming the same. The method includes performing a casting process on magnesium, at least one first catalytic metal, and at least one first carbon allotrope to form a first magnesium-based solid solution; performing a severe plastic deformation on the first magnesium-based solid solution to form a second magnesium-based solid solution; and performing a high energy ball milling process on the second magnesium-based solid solution and an amorphous additive to form the magnesium-based composite material. The magnesium-based composite material includes a magnesium-based solid solution and the amorphous additive mixed with the magnesium-based solid solution. The magnesium-based solid solution includes magnesium, at least one first catalytic metal and at least one first carbon allotrope. The amorphous additive includes at least one second catalytic metal and at least one second carbon allotrope.