Provided is a stainless steel substrate for a solar cell, the stainless steel substrate including, by mass %, Cr: 9% to 25%, C: 0.03% or less, Mn: 2% or less, P: 0.05% or less, S: 0.01% or less, N: 0.03% or less, Al: 0.005% to 5.0%, Si: 0.05% to 4.0%, and a remainder including Fe and unavoidable impurities, in which an oxide film containing (i) Al.sub.2O.sub.3 in an amount of 50% or more or containing (i) Al.sub.2O.sub.3 and (ii) SiO.sub.2 in a total amount of 50% or more is formed on a surface of stainless steel having a composition which contains Al: 0.5% or more and/or Si: 0.4% or more and satisfies the following expression (1).
Cr+10Si+Mn+Al>24.5  (1)

Provided is a ferritic stainless steel including, as a ferritic stainless steel used in a separator for a fuel cell, a base material including, in weight %, C: 0.003% to 0.012%, N: 0.003% to 0.015%, Si: 0.05% to 0.15%, Mn: 0.3% to 0.8%, Cr: 20% to 24%, Mo; 0.1% to 0.4%, Nb: 0.1% to 0.7%, Ti: 0.03% to 0.1%, and the remainder being Fe and inevitable impurities. A first scale layer including chromium oxide is formed on a surface of the base material, and a second scale layer including chromium oxide and manganese oxide is formed on a surface of the first scale layer. A silicon content included in each of the first scale layer and the second scale layer is 0.2 weight % or less, and the following formula is satisfied: Nb+Mn≧8Si where Nb, Mn and Si are weight % amounts of corresponding components, respectively.

A method for producing a steel sheet for packaging includes: cold-rolling a hot-rolled steel sheet made from a steel having a carbon content of 10 to 1000 ppm by weight, the steel of the hot-rolled steel sheet having a predetermined recrystallization temperature (T.sub.R); heating the cold-rolled steel sheet to a predetermined heating temperature (T.sub.E), where T.sub.R≤T.sub.E, the heating performed at least partially in the presence of a nitrogen donor at least until T.sub.R is reached such that when the cold-rolled steel sheet is heated, nitrogen from the nitrogen donor is diffused at least into a near-surface region of the cold-rolled sheet steel and incorporated in the near-surface region, as a result of which the T.sub.R in the near-surface region is increased by a value ΔT, where T.sub.E<T.sub.R+ΔT. Using this method, high-strength steel sheets having a multilayer microstructure can be produced.

The steel material of the present disclosure includes a chemical composition consisting of, in mass %, C: 0.035% or less, Si: 1.00% or less, Mn: 1.00% or less, P: 0.030% or less, S: 0.0050% or less, sol. Al: 0.005 to 0.100%, N: 0.001 to 0.020%, Ni: 5.00 to 7.00%, Cr: 10.00 to 14.00%, Cu: 1.50 to 3.50%, Mo: 1.00 to 4.00%, V: 0.01 to 1.00%, Ti: 0.02 to 0.30%, Co: 0.01 to 0.50%, Ca: 0.0003 to 0.0030%, O: 0.0050% or less, W: 0 to 1.50%, Nb: 0 to 0.50%, B: 0 to 0.0050%, Mg: 0 to 0.0050%, and rare earth metals (REM): 0 to 0.020%, with the balance being Fe and impurities, in which a total number density of Mn sulfide having an equivalent circular diameter of 1.0 μm or more and Ca sulfide having an equivalent circular diameter of 2.0 μm or more is 0.50 pieces/mm.sup.2 or less.

This grain-oriented electrical steel sheet is a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet including a base steel sheet and a tension coating, in which, when an average coating thickness of a flat surface coating portion is referred to as t1 (μm), a minimum coating thickness of a groove forming surface coating portion is referred to as t2.sub.Min (μm), and a maximum coating thickness of the groove forming surface coating portion is referred to as t2.sub.Max (μm), Expressions (1) and (2) are satisfied, and when a value of 0.95 times a distance D of the tension coating along a sheet thickness direction from a bottom surface position of the groove forming surface coating portion to a bottom surface position of the flat surface coating portion is referred to as an effective depth d (μm), Expression (3) is satisfied.

t2.sub.Min/t1≥0.4  (1)

t2.sub.Max/t1≤3.0  (2)

t2.sub.Max≤d/2  (3)

A steel sheet for a crown cap has sufficient strength and formability even when the thickness thereof is reduced for use, and has a composition containing, in percent by mass, C: 0.010% to 0.025%, Si: 0.10% or less, Mn: 0.05% to 0.50%, P: 0.050% or less, S: 0.005% to 0.050%, Al: 0.020% to 0.070%, N: less than 0.0040%, and the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities, wherein yield strength after heat treatment at 210° C. for 15 minutes is as follows: the yield strength is 550 MPa or more in a rolling direction, and the yield strength in a direction 45° from the rolling direction in a rolling plane is equal to or less than the average of the yield strength in the rolling direction and the yield strength in a direction 90° from the rolling direction in the rolling plane.

Disclosed is a high strength, high-temperature corrosion resistant martensitic stainless steel characterized by comprising the following chemical elements in percentages by mass: 0<C≤0.05%, 0.1-0.2% of Si, 0.20-1.0% of Mn, 11.0-14.0% of Cr, 4.0-6.0% of Ni, 1.5-2.5% of Mo, 0.001%-0.10% of N, 0.03-0.2% of V, 0.01-0.1% of Nb, 0.01-0.04% of Al, and the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities. In addition, also disclosed are tubing and casing manufactured from the above-mentioned high strength, high-temperature corrosion resistant martensitic stainless steel, and a method for manufacturing the tubing and the casing. The high strength, high-temperature corrosion resistant martensitic stainless steel of the present disclosure has an excellent high temperature corrosion resistance to carbon dioxide and chloride ions, as well as excellent low-temperature impact toughness and a high-temperature strength degradation resistance.

The present invention provides a dent-resistant cold-rolled steel sheet having excellent dent-resistance properties. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the dent-resistant cold-rolled steel sheet includes, by weight, carbon (C): 0.005% to 0.03%, manganese (Mn): 1.0% to 2.5%, aluminum (Al): 0.2% to 0.8%, sum of chromium (Cr) and molybdenum (Mo): 0.3% to 1.5%, sum of niobium (Nb) and titanium (Ti): 0.001% to 0.01%, phosphorus (P): greater than 0% to 0.02%, sulfur (S): greater than 0% to 0.01%, and the balance of iron (Fe) and other unavoidable impurities, wherein a yield strength (YP) of 195 MPa or greater, a tensile strength (ST) of 340 MPa or greater, elongation (El) of 33% or greater, and a bake hardening (BH) amount of 40 MPa or greater are satisfied.

The present disclosure provides systems and methods for depositing a metal layer adjacent to or on a substrate. Substrates may comprise, for example, one or more of iron, chromium, nickel, silicon, vanadium, titanium, boron, tungsten, aluminum, molybdenum, cobalt, manganese, zirconium, and niobium, oxides thereof, nitrides thereof, sulfides thereof, or any combination thereof. A substrate may be a steel substrate. A metal layer may be deposited via, for example, roll coating, vapor deposition, slurry deposition, or electrochemical deposition.

Provided is ferritic stainless steel having excellent brazeability and excellent corrosion resistance to condensed water in an environment in which the steel is used for an exhaust heat recovery device or an EGR cooler. A ferritic stainless steel has a chemical composition containing, by mass %, C: 0.025% or less, Si: 0.40% to 2.0%, Mn: 0.05% to 1.5%, P: 0.05% or less, S: 0.01% or less, Cr: 16.0% to 30.0%, Mo: 0.60% to 3.0%, Ni: 0.10% to 2.5%, Nb: 0.20% to 0.80%, Al: 0.001% to 0.15%, N: 0.025% or less, and the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities, in which relational expressions (1) and (2) below are satisfied.
C+N≤0.030%  (1),
2Si+Ni≥1.0%  (2),
(in relational expressions (1) and (2), C, N, Si, and Ni each denote the contents (mass %) of the corresponding elements).