A method of forming metal oxide nanostructures on a metallic material includes applying a hot water process to the metallic material, which includes treating the metallic material with hot water under a treatment condition for a period of time so as to form metal oxide nanostructures on a surface of the metallic material, where the treated metallic material with metal oxide nanostructures under the hot water process has a high surface area that is higher than its pristine surface area of the metallic material. Also, a method of depositing metal oxide nanostructures on a target material includes applying a hot water process to a source metallic material and the target material, which includes treating the source metallic material and the target material with hot water under a treatment condition for a period of time so as to form metal oxide nanostructures on a surface of the target material.

A method of forming metal oxide nanostructures on a metallic material includes applying a hot water process to the metallic material, which includes treating the metallic material with hot water under a treatment condition for a period of time so as to form metal oxide nanostructures on a surface of the metallic material, where the treated metallic material with metal oxide nanostructures under the hot water process has a high surface area that is higher than its pristine surface area of the metallic material. Also, a method of depositing metal oxide nanostructures on a target material includes applying a hot water process to a source metallic material and the target material, which includes treating the source metallic material and the target material with hot water under a treatment condition for a period of time so as to form metal oxide nanostructures on a surface of the target material.

A method of coating an alloy substrate includes providing an alloy substrate that includes less than 0.3 wt. % of diffusible elements; introducing one or more diffusible elements into the alloy substrate to thereby form a diffusible-element-containing alloy substrate; and introducing the diffusible-element-containing alloy substrate to a material reactive with the one or more diffusible elements.

A method of coating an alloy substrate includes providing an alloy substrate that includes less than 0.3 wt. % of diffusible elements; introducing one or more diffusible elements into the alloy substrate to thereby form a diffusible-element-containing alloy substrate; and introducing the diffusible-element-containing alloy substrate to a material reactive with the one or more diffusible elements.

A method includes additively manufacturing an article in an inert environment, removing the article from the inert environment and placing the article in a non-inert environment, allowing at least a portion the article to oxidize in the non-inert environment to form an oxidized layer on a surface of the article, and removing the oxidized layer (e.g., to smooth the surface of the article). The method can further include relieving stress in the article (e.g., via heating the article after additive manufacturing).

The present invention provides a blackening treatment method for a black CrCo alloy plating film, the method comprising bringing a black CrCo alloy plating film having a Cr content of 1 to 15 wt. % into contact with a blackening treatment solution comprising an aqueous solution with a pH value of 1 to 5. According to the present invention, the blackish color of a less blackish plating film formed from a plating bath containing trivalent chromium is enhanced to further improve decorativeness. Furthermore, the corrosion resistance of the film can be more improved by performing electrolytic chromate treatment after blackening treatment.

The present invention provides a blackening treatment method for a black CrCo alloy plating film, the method comprising bringing a black CrCo alloy plating film having a Cr content of 1 to 15 wt. % into contact with a blackening treatment solution comprising an aqueous solution with a pH value of 1 to 5. According to the present invention, the blackish color of a less blackish plating film formed from a plating bath containing trivalent chromium is enhanced to further improve decorativeness. Furthermore, the corrosion resistance of the film can be more improved by performing electrolytic chromate treatment after blackening treatment.

The invention relates to a method for modifying piece surfaces consisting in bringing pieces into contact with at least one type of a modifying agent in such a way that the modification of the surface is carried out.

The invention relates to a method for modifying piece surfaces consisting in bringing pieces into contact with at least one type of a modifying agent in such a way that the modification of the surface is carried out.

A particulate lithium metal composite materials having a layer containing phosphorous and a method for producing said phosphorous-coated lithium metal products, characterized in that melted, droplet-shaped lithium metal is reacted in a hydrocarbon solvent with a phosphorous source that contains the phosphorous in the oxidation stage 3, and use thereof for the pre-lithiation of electrode materials and the production of battery anodes.