Provided is a method for producing a surface-treated steel sheet for battery containers including: a first process of forming an iron-nickel alloy plating layer on at least one side of a steel sheet; a second process of forming a nickel plating layer on the iron-nickel alloy plating layer; and a third process of performing a thermal treatment after forming the nickel plating layer to form an iron-nickel alloy layer having an outermost surface, at which a content ratio of Fe atoms is 12 to 55% by atom, on an outermost layer by thermal diffusion. The invention makes it possible to provide the method for producing the surface-treated steel sheet for battery containers that can suppress the elution of iron inside the battery when being used for a battery container, whereby the service life of the battery can be extended and battery characteristics such as discharge characteristics can be improved.

A surface of an article is modified by first disposing a nickel-enriched region at the surface of a substrate, then enriching the nickel-enriched region with aluminum to form an aluminized region, and finally removing at least a portion of the aluminized region to form a processed surface of the substrate. Upon removal of this material, the roughness of the surface is reduced from a comparatively high initial roughness value to a comparatively low processed roughness value. In some embodiments, the processed roughness is less than about 95% of the initial roughness. Moreover, the sequence of steps described herein may be iterated one or more times to achieve further reduction in substrate surface roughness.

A surface of an article is modified by first disposing a nickel-enriched region at the surface of a substrate, then enriching the nickel-enriched region with aluminum to form an aluminized region, and finally removing at least a portion of the aluminized region to form a processed surface of the substrate. Upon removal of this material, the roughness of the surface is reduced from a comparatively high initial roughness value to a comparatively low processed roughness value. In some embodiments, the processed roughness is less than about 95% of the initial roughness. Moreover, the sequence of steps described herein may be iterated one or more times to achieve further reduction in substrate surface roughness.

A method of coating a superalloy substrate, includes (a) aluminising the surface of the substrate to form an inner coating layer; (b) applying a slurry with a solid content including Cr, Al, Ni and Co onto the inner coating layer, where the Cr-content of the solid content is between 15% and 30% by weight thereof, and diffusion heat treating the slurry applied to the inner coating layer at a temperature above 800 C. for 1 to 8 hours to form an intermediate coating layer; and (c) applying a Cr-free slurry with a solid content including Al and Ni onto the intermediate coating layer, where the Al-content of the solid content is between 15% and 30% by weight of the solid content, and diffusion heat treating the slurry applied onto the intermediate surface layer at a temperature above 800 C. for 1 to 8 hours to form an outer coating layer.

A method of coating a superalloy substrate, includes (a) aluminising the surface of the substrate to form an inner coating layer; (b) applying a slurry with a solid content including Cr, Al, Ni and Co onto the inner coating layer, where the Cr-content of the solid content is between 15% and 30% by weight thereof, and diffusion heat treating the slurry applied to the inner coating layer at a temperature above 800 C. for 1 to 8 hours to form an intermediate coating layer; and (c) applying a Cr-free slurry with a solid content including Al and Ni onto the intermediate coating layer, where the Al-content of the solid content is between 15% and 30% by weight of the solid content, and diffusion heat treating the slurry applied onto the intermediate surface layer at a temperature above 800 C. for 1 to 8 hours to form an outer coating layer.

A non-oriented electrical steel sheet having: low high-frequency iron loss and high magnetic flux density; an inner layer and surface layers provided on both sides of the inner layer, the surface layers and the inner layer having specific chemical compositions; the thickness t of 0.01 mm to 0.35 mm; a multilayer ratio of t.sub.1 to t of 0.10 to 0.70, t.sub.1 denoting a total thickness of the surface layers; a difference between [Si].sub.1 and [Si].sub.0 of 1.0 mass % to 4.5 mass % or less, [Si].sub.1 denoting a Si content in each of the surface layers and [Si].sub.0 denoting a Si content in the inner layer; and a difference between [Mn].sub.0 and [Mn].sub.1 of 0.01 mass % to 0.40 mass %, [Mn].sub.0 denoting a Mn content at a mid-thickness position t/2 and [Mn].sub.1 denoting an average Mn content in a region from a surface to a position at a depth of ( 1/10)t.

A masking apparatus for masking a part during coating and comprising at least two sintered pieces of a mask material. The pieces have an assembled condition forming a compartment shaped to accommodate an airfoil of the part. The pieces have an average overall composition of: nickel as a largest by-weight constituent; aluminum as a second largest by-weight constituent; and chromium as a third largest by-weight constituent.

A method of forming a thermal barrier coating onto a surface of a ferrous alloy or nickel alloy component part involves depositing a layer of hollow microspheres to a surface of the component part or to a previously deposited layer of hollow microspheres through heating and cooling of a metallic precursor setting layer composed of copper, a copper alloy, or a nickel alloy. Once deposited in place, the layer(s) of hollow microspheres are heated to sinter the hollow microspheres to each other and to the surface of the ferrous alloy or nickel alloy component part to form an insulating layer.

Powder compositions are described having, as constituents: an aluminum donor powder, an aluminum-containing activator powder comprising at least 50 wt. % KAlF.sub.4, and an inert filler powder. Related methods and coatings are also described.

Powder compositions are described having, as constituents: an aluminum donor powder, an aluminum-containing activator powder comprising at least 50 wt. % KAlF.sub.4, and an inert filler powder. Related methods and coatings are also described.