An apparatus, method, and system for post-processing a printed graphene ink pattern or other deposition on a substrate. A pulsed UV laser is tunable between various energy densities to selectively modify the printed ink or deposition in electrical or physical properties. In one example, radical improvements in electrical conductivity are achieved. In another example, controlled transformation from essentially 2D printed or deposited graphene to surface topology of 3D nanostructures are achieved. The 3D structures are beneficial in such applications as electrochemical sensors of different types and characteristics. In another example, hydrophobicity of the printed or deposited graphene can be manipulated starting from a hydrophilic to super hydrophobic surface.

A hierarchical porous material contains primary pore aggregates. The primary pore aggregates combine to form the secondary pore aggregates. The secondary pore aggregates connect to each other formed the hierarchical porous material. There are primary pores on the primary pore aggregates wherein the diameter of primary pore is 5-500 nm. There are secondary pores on the secondary pore aggregates wherein the diameter of secondary pore is 1-5 m. The hierarchical porous material is used as oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts or photocatalysts having a significantly improved catalytic activity.

A method for synthesizing a copper-silver alloy includes an ink preparation step, a coating step, a crystal nucleus formation step and a crystal nucleus synthesis step. In the ink preparation step, a copper salt particle, an amine-based solvent, and a silver salt particle are mixed, thereby preparing a copper-silver ink. In the coating step, a member to be coated is coated with the copper-silver ink. In the crystal nucleus formation step, at least one of a crystal nucleus of copper having a crystal grain diameter of 0.2 ?m or less and a crystal nucleus of silver having a crystal grain diameter of 0.2 ?m or less is formed from the copper-silver ink. In the crystal nucleus synthesis step, the crystal nucleus of copper and the crystal nucleus of silver are synthesized.

There is provided a method for manufacturing graphene. The method includes an adsorption step of causing six-membered ring structures of carbon atoms to be adsorbed to a surface of a substrate; and an irradiation step of irradiating the surface of the substrate with a beam of a molecule containing carbon atoms.

The present invention relates to metal oxide precursors comprising i) at least one metal atom selected from the group consisting of In, Ga, Zn and Sn, ii) at least one non-photocrosslinkable ligand and iii) at least one photocrosslinkable ligand, to liquid coating compositions comprising the precursors, and to their use.

This invention relates generally to uses of novel nanomaterial composition and the systems in which they are used, and more particularly to nanomaterial compositions generally comprising carbon and a metal, which composition can be exposed to pulsed emissions to react, activate, combine, or sinter the nanomaterial composition. The nanomaterial compositions can alternatively be utilized at ambient temperature or under other means to cause such reaction, activation, combination, or sintering to occur.

There is described a process for depositing carbon on a surface, comprising, while contacting a mixture of CO.sub.2 and Br.sub.2 with a polar substrate presenting apposed surfaces, exposing a sufficient area of said mixture in the region of said apposed surfaces to light of sufficient intensity and frequency to result in deposition of carbon on at least some of said apposed surfaces. Other embodiments are also described.

Thin glass-like ceramic films which possess organic or physically functional structures with thicknesses in the 15 to 500 nm range and bottom-up methods for their fabrication are described. SiO.sub.2-rich structures having gradient properties are formed from a silsesquioxane having an electronegative ? substituent and at least one organofunctional silane or at least one metal alkoxide.

A method and apparatus for treating graphene raw material by plasma, and an application thereof are provided. After treated by the plasma, the graphene raw material will have a special structure and characteristic.

This invention relates generally to uses of novel nanomaterial composition and the systems in which they are used, and more particularly to nanomaterial compositions generally comprising carbon and a metal, which composition can be exposed to pulsed emissions to react, activate, combine, or sinter the nanomaterial composition. The nanomaterial compositions can alternatively be utilized at ambient temperature or under other means to cause such reaction, activation, combination, or sintering to occur.