An antimicrobial medical device that includes a substrate having a metal surface that is made from a metal or metal alloy that may include stainless steel, cobalt, and titanium. Disposed on the metal surface is a first antimicrobial oxide layer that includes an antimicrobial metal that may include silver, copper, and zinc, and combinations thereof. The atoms of antimicrobial metal in the first antimicrobial oxide layer are of a first concentration. The first antimicrobial oxide layer is positioned in a direction opposite that of the metal surface. The device further includes a second antimicrobial oxide layer that includes an antimicrobial metal that may be silver, copper, and zinc, and combinations thereof. The atoms of the antimicrobial metal present in the second antimicrobial oxide layer are of a second concentration. The first concentration and the second concentration are not equal. Methods for making the antimicrobial medical device are also disclosed.

The present invention is directed to a particle having a chemical conversion coating on at least a portion of the particle surface. The present invention is further directed to a coated substrate comprising: (a) a surface that has been contacted with a particle having a chemical conversion coating on at least a portion of the particle surface such that at least some portion of the substrate becomes treated with the conversion coating.

The present invention is directed to a particle having a chemical conversion coating on at least a portion of the particle surface. The present invention is further directed to a coated substrate comprising: (a) a surface that has been contacted with a particle having a chemical conversion coating on at least a portion of the particle surface such that at least some portion of the substrate becomes treated with the conversion coating.

The present invention relates to a method for the serial surface treatment of metal components that have zinc surfaces, wherein the method comprises an alkaline pretreatment, and a method for the selective removal of zinc ions from an alkaline bath solution for the serial surface treatment of metal surfaces that have zinc surfaces. According to the invention, in order to perform each method, part of the alkaline aqueous bath solution is brought in contact with an ion exchange resin that bears functional groups selected from —OPO.sub.3X.sub.2/n and/or —PO.sub.3X.sub.2/n, wherein X is either a hydrogen atom or an alkali metal and/or alkaline-earth metal atom to be exchanged having the particular valency n.

A manufacturing method for steel sheets for containers produces steel sheets with excellent film adhesion qualities. This steel sheet for containers has, on a steel sheet, a chemical conversion coating with a metal Zr content of 1-100 mg/m.sup.2, a P content of 0.1-50 mg/m.sup.2, and an F content of no more than 0.1 mg/m.sup.2, upon which is formed a phenolic resin layer with a C content of 0.1-50 mg/m.sup.2. Moreover, the manufacturing method for steel sheets for containers is a method for obtaining the steel sheet for containers wherein the chemical conversion coating is formed on the steel sheet by subjecting the steel sheet to immersion in or electrolytic treatment with a treatment solution containing Zr ions, phosphoric acid ions, and F ions; and subsequently, the steel sheet upon which the chemical conversion coating has been formed is immersed in, or undergoes topical application of, an aqueous solution containing phenolic resin, then dried.

A manufacturing method for steel sheets for containers produces steel sheets with excellent film adhesion qualities. This steel sheet for containers has, on a steel sheet, a chemical conversion coating with a metal Zr content of 1-100 mg/m.sup.2, a P content of 0.1-50 mg/m.sup.2, and an F content of no more than 0.1 mg/m.sup.2, upon which is formed a phenolic resin layer with a C content of 0.1-50 mg/m.sup.2. Moreover, the manufacturing method for steel sheets for containers is a method for obtaining the steel sheet for containers wherein the chemical conversion coating is formed on the steel sheet by subjecting the steel sheet to immersion in or electrolytic treatment with a treatment solution containing Zr ions, phosphoric acid ions, and F ions; and subsequently, the steel sheet upon which the chemical conversion coating has been formed is immersed in, or undergoes topical application of, an aqueous solution containing phenolic resin, then dried.

A surface treatment apparatus includes a treatment vessel including a treatment space in which a metal component is disposed, a spray nozzle that supplies mist of a non-chromate conversion treatment liquid to the treatment space, and a circulation device that collects the non-chromate conversion treatment liquid from the treatment space and supplies the non-chromate conversion treatment liquid to the spray nozzle.

A surface treatment apparatus includes a treatment vessel including a treatment space in which a metal component is disposed, a spray nozzle that supplies mist of a non-chromate conversion treatment liquid to the treatment space, and a circulation device that collects the non-chromate conversion treatment liquid from the treatment space and supplies the non-chromate conversion treatment liquid to the spray nozzle.

The demulsifying cleaning of metallic surfaces which may be contaminated with oil(s) with at least one further nonpolar organic compound, with fat(s), with soap(s), with particulate dirt or with at least one anionic organic compound using an aqueous, alkaline, surfactant-containing bath solutions.

The demulsifying cleaning of metallic surfaces which may be contaminated with oil(s) with at least one further nonpolar organic compound, with fat(s), with soap(s), with particulate dirt or with at least one anionic organic compound using an aqueous, alkaline, surfactant-containing bath solutions.