A system and a method for a nanostructured film including a first layer for reflecting at least a portion of an electromagnetic radiation and a second layer for receiving the remainder of the electromagnetic radiation through the first layer and subsequently reflecting at least a portion of the received electromagnetic radiation through the first layer, wherein two electromagnetic radiations with the same wavelength reflected by the first and second layers respectively are combined to form a strengthened electromagnetic radiation, the wavelength of the strengthened electromagnetic radiation being variable based on the physical property of the first layer.

Metallic materials with multimodal microstructure and methods of forming the metallic materials are disclosed. Exemplary methods allow for tuning of desired properties of the metallic materials and of devices including the metallic materials.

A layer system having a metallic substrate, in particular made of a >=9% by weight chromium steel, in particular with roughness of the substrate <=2 m and optionally an intervening chromium layer directly on the substrate, in particular made of Cr/CrN, an underlayer or middle layer of AlCr, and an outer layer, in particular outermost layer, of AlCrO, where the AlCr and AlCrO layers in particular are PVD coatings wherein a shark skin effect is achieved with a simple geometric arrangement, and can be used particularly for compressor blades.

A friction material comprises an Fe part which contains Fe as a main component, a coating layer formed on a surface of the Fe part, and a friction part formed on a surface of at least a part of the coating layer, and the coating layer comprises a first coating layer and a second coating layer which have a specific average thickness and a specific component in order from Fe part side, and in the second coating layer, in order of positions at which the thickness is 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of the second coating layer from the side of the first coating layer to the side opposite thereto, a Cu content increases and a Ni content decreases.

A calcium-magnesium-alumino-silicate (CMAS)-reactive thermal barrier coating includes a ceramic coating and a CMAS-reactive overlay coating, wherein the CMAS-reactive overlay coating conforms to a surface of the ceramic coating and comprises a compound that forms a stable high melting point crystalline precipitate when reacted with molten CMAS at a rate that is competitive with CMAS infiltration kinetics into the thermal barrier coating. The ceramic coating phase is stable with the CMAS-reactive overlay coating.

A coated tool may include a base member and a coating layer located on the base member. The coating layer may include a plurality of AlTi layers including aluminum and titanium as a main component, and a plurality of AlCr layers including aluminum and chromium as a main component. The AlTi layers and the AlCr layers may be located alternately one upon another. The plurality of AlTi layers may include a first AlTi layer and a second AlTi layer located farther away from the base member than the first AlTi layer. Each of the plurality of AlTi layers may further include chromium, and a content ratio of chromium in the second AlTi layer may be higher than a content ratio of chromium in the first AlTi layer.

To provide a sliding member, such as a piston ring for an internal combustion engine, having low friction and excellent toughness. The above-described problem is solved by a sliding member (10) such as a piston ring coated with a CrBTiV(Mn, Mo)-N-based alloy film (2) on a sliding surface (11) thereof, and configured so that the alloy film (2) contains one or both of Mn and Mo and has a total content of the Mn and the Mo within a range of 2 mass % or less. Preferably, a B content is within a range of 0.1 mass % to 1.5 mass %, inclusive, a V content is within a range of 0.05 mass % to 1 mass %, inclusive, and a Ti content is within a range of 0.05 mass % to 1.5 mass %, inclusive.

A surface treatment solution composition for forming an inorganic film, comprising: 10 to 30% by weight of a trivalent chromium compound containing chromium phosphate (A) and chromium nitrate (B) and satisfying a content ratio A/(A+B) of 0.3 to 0.6; 5 to 50% by weight of a silane compound; 0.2 to 3% by weight of a vanadium-based rust-inhibiting and corrosion-resisting agent; 0.5 to 5% by weight of a cobalt-based rust-inhibiting and corrosion-resisting agent; and 12 to 84.3% by weight of water, an alloyed hot-dip galvanized steel sheet surface-treated using the composition, and a method for manufacturing the alloyed hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, are provided, and the surface treatment solution composition containing the trivalent chromium compound has an excellent effect on corrosion resistance, blackening resistance, fuel resistance, weldability, and alkali resistance.

Thermal spray coating methods and thermal spray coated articles are disclosed. The thermal spray coating method includes positioning a covering on a cooling channel of a component, and thermal spraying a feedstock onto the covering. The covering prohibits the feedstock from entering the cooling channel in the component and is not removed from the component. In another embodiment, the thermal spray coating method includes providing a component comprising a substrate material, providing a cooling channel on a surface of the component, positioning a covering on the cooling channel, and thermal spraying a feedstock onto the component and the covering, the feedstock comprising a bond coat material. The covering prohibits the bond coat material from entering the cooling channel. The thermal spray coated article includes a component, a cooling channel, a covering on the cooling channel, and a thermally sprayed coating on the component and the covering.

A steel sheet for cans has, on the surface thereof, in order from the steel sheet side, a chromium metal layer and a hydrous chromium oxide layer. The chromium metal layer is deposited in an amount of 65-200 mg/m.sup.2, and the hydrous chromium oxide layer is deposited in an amount of 3-15 mg/m.sup.2 in terms of chromium. The chromium metal layer includes: a flat chromium metal layer that has a thickness of at least 7 nm; and a granular chromium metal layer that includes granular protrusions that are formed on the surface of the flat chromium metal layer. The maximum grain size of the granular protrusions is 100 nm or smaller. The number density of the granular protrusions per unit area is 10/m.sup.2 or higher.