The subject matter of the present invention is a method to extract or recover hydrochloric acid from hydrochloric acid solutions containing metal by means of pyrohydrolytic treatment, followed by absorption and/or condensation of the gaseous hydrogen chloride thus formed in order to form hydrochloric acid. According to the invention, a first partial flow of the hydrochloric acid solution containing metal undergoes pyrohydrolytic treatment and a second partial flow of the metal-containing solution is fed to the absorption column. A device for implementing the process according to the invention is also the subject of the present invention.

A process for forming a descaling composition has the steps of macerating a bone meal with a dimethylamine solution, digesting the macerated bone meal with hydrochloric acid, neutralizing the digested bone meal with calcium oxide, treating the neutralized bone meal with sulfuric acid, and applying a refluxing treatment with dimethylamine and hydrazine hydrate. The process further includes removing the macerated bone meal solids from the dimethylamine solution and transferring the removed solids to an extraction tower prior to the step of digesting. The hydrochloric acid is circulated through the macerated bone meal. The treated bone meal and the sulfuric acid is filtered so as to produce a liquid phase and a solids phase. The liquid phase contains a phosphate amine. The dimethylamine and hydrazine hydrate are added to the liquid phase.

A process for forming a descaling composition has the steps of macerating a bone meal with a dimethylamine solution, digesting the macerated bone meal with hydrochloric acid, neutralizing the digested bone meal with calcium oxide, treating the neutralized bone meal with sulfuric acid, and applying a refluxing treatment with dimethylamine and hydrazine hydrate. The process further includes removing the macerated bone meal solids from the dimethylamine solution and transferring the removed solids to an extraction tower prior to the step of digesting. The hydrochloric acid is circulated through the macerated bone meal. The treated bone meal and the sulfuric acid is filtered so as to produce a liquid phase and a solids phase. The liquid phase contains a phosphate amine. The dimethylamine and hydrazine hydrate are added to the liquid phase.

Semi-aqueous compositions useful for the selective removal of titanium nitride and/or photoresist etch residue materials relative to metal conducting, e.g., tungsten and copper, and insulating materials from a microelectronic device having same thereon. The semi-aqueous compositions contain at least one oxidant, at least one etchant, and at least one organic solvent, may contain various corrosion inhibitors to ensure selectivity.

Semi-aqueous compositions useful for the selective removal of titanium nitride and/or photoresist etch residue materials relative to metal conducting, e.g., tungsten and copper, and insulating materials from a microelectronic device having same thereon. The semi-aqueous compositions contain at least one oxidant, at least one etchant, and at least one organic solvent, may contain various corrosion inhibitors to ensure selectivity.

An indexing conveyor system including a work station skipping device. The conveyor system has a rail situated above a plurality of same-length work stations along a path of conveyance. The work station skipping device is operable to engage a load and transfer the load from a first conveyor carriage to a second, further downstream carriage for advancing more than one work station length so that the load skips over a predetermined one of the plurality of work stations.

Novel acid-based chemistries that can be used in various cleaning, de-scaling, rust-removal, brightening, etching and other similar applications, including, but not limited to, those based upon hexafluorozirconic acid and other additives, such as urea in some applications, which are effective for a wide range of applications, while avoiding the health, safety and environmental issues that are often associated with the use of hydrochloric acid and other toxic chemistries.

Novel acid-based chemistries that can be used in various cleaning, de-scaling, rust-removal, brightening, etching and other similar applications, including, but not limited to, those based upon hexafluorozirconic acid and other additives, such as urea in some applications, which are effective for a wide range of applications, while avoiding the health, safety and environmental issues that are often associated with the use of hydrochloric acid and other toxic chemistries.

A process for surface activation or depassivation of an article, in particular an alloy, by immersion of the alloy in an aqueous acid solution. The surface activation methods of the present invention can be performed during a relatively short period of time and achieve reductions in production costs and provide environmental friendliness as compared to prior art processes. In a further embodiment, after surface activation, the article is immersed in a second liquid that prevents re-formation of a passivating oxide layer on the surface of the article. In a further embodiment the surface-activated alloys are subjected to surface engineering by a process that infuses carbon or nitrogen through the surface at a temperature sufficiently low to suppress precipitation of carbides or nitrides.

A process for surface activation or depassivation of an article, in particular an alloy, by immersion of the alloy in an aqueous acid solution. The surface activation methods of the present invention can be performed during a relatively short period of time and achieve reductions in production costs and provide environmental friendliness as compared to prior art processes. In a further embodiment, after surface activation, the article is immersed in a second liquid that prevents re-formation of a passivating oxide layer on the surface of the article. In a further embodiment the surface-activated alloys are subjected to surface engineering by a process that infuses carbon or nitrogen through the surface at a temperature sufficiently low to suppress precipitation of carbides or nitrides.