An aqueous synthetic acid composition for use in oil industry activities, said composition comprising: lysine and hydrogen chloride in a molar ratio ranging from 1:3 to 1:12.5, preferably from more than 1:5 to 1:8.5; it can also further comprise a metal iodide or iodate; an alcohol or derivative thereof Said composition demonstrates advantageous properties over known synthetic acids at temperatures above 90 C. Said composition is useful in various oil and gas industry operations. Preferred embodiments of said composition providing substantial advantages in matrix acidizing by increasing the effectiveness of wormholing compared to conventional mineral acids such as HCl.

An aqueous synthetic acid composition for use in oil industry activities, said composition comprising: lysine and hydrogen chloride in a molar ratio ranging from 1:3 to 1:12.5, preferably from more than 1:5 to 1:8.5; it can also further comprise a metal iodide or iodate; an alcohol or derivative thereof Said composition demonstrates advantageous properties over known synthetic acids at temperatures above 90 C. Said composition is useful in various oil and gas industry operations. Preferred embodiments of said composition providing substantial advantages in matrix acidizing by increasing the effectiveness of wormholing compared to conventional mineral acids such as HCl.

A low temperature carburizing method according to the present invention comprises: step (a) for pre-processing a metal to be processed; step (b) for inputting the metal to be processed to a reaction chamber and heating the same to a set temperature; step (c) for forming a vacuum atmosphere in the reaction chamber and introducing a reaction gas thereinto at a predetermined pressure to accelerate carburization; step (d) for supplying the reaction gas to the reaction chamber at a pressure equal to or lower than the pressure of the reaction gas of step (c) to spread carburization; and step (e) for repeating step (c) and step (d) at predetermined time intervals.

A low temperature carburizing method according to the present invention comprises: step (a) for pre-processing a metal to be processed; step (b) for inputting the metal to be processed to a reaction chamber and heating the same to a set temperature; step (c) for forming a vacuum atmosphere in the reaction chamber and introducing a reaction gas thereinto at a predetermined pressure to accelerate carburization; step (d) for supplying the reaction gas to the reaction chamber at a pressure equal to or lower than the pressure of the reaction gas of step (c) to spread carburization; and step (e) for repeating step (c) and step (d) at predetermined time intervals.

This method for cleaning wires enables effective descaling and removal of smuts from wires, prevents yellowing after cleaning, and significantly reduces the amount of water discharged as a result of cleaning, said method including, in the stated order: (A) pickling a wire; (B) cleaning the wire with acidic pressurized water, the concentration of which is adjusted with water and collected pickle solution which has adhered to and been recovered by the wire after use in Step (A); and (C) cleaning the wire with water.

The manufacturing cost of a sputtering target is reduced and the impurity concentration of the manufactured sputtering target is also reduced. A method of manufacturing a sputtering target includes: surface-treating at least one of a used sputtering target and a scrap material; melting at least one of the used sputtering target and the scrap material after the surface treatment to form an ingot; and manufacturing a sputtering target by subjecting the ingot to forging, rolling, heat treating, and machining.

The manufacturing cost of a sputtering target is reduced and the impurity concentration of the manufactured sputtering target is also reduced. A method of manufacturing a sputtering target includes: surface-treating at least one of a used sputtering target and a scrap material; melting at least one of the used sputtering target and the scrap material after the surface treatment to form an ingot; and manufacturing a sputtering target by subjecting the ingot to forging, rolling, heat treating, and machining.

The manufacturing cost of a sputtering target is reduced and the impurity concentration of the manufactured sputtering target is also reduced. A method of manufacturing a sputtering target includes: surface-treating at least one of a used sputtering target and a scrap material; melting at least one of the used sputtering target and the scrap material after the surface treatment to form an ingot; and manufacturing a sputtering target by subjecting the ingot to forging, rolling, heat treating, and machining.

The manufacturing cost of a sputtering target is reduced and the impurity concentration of the manufactured sputtering target is also reduced. A method of manufacturing a sputtering target includes: surface-treating at least one of a used sputtering target and a scrap material; melting at least one of the used sputtering target and the scrap material after the surface treatment to form an ingot; and manufacturing a sputtering target by subjecting the ingot to forging, rolling, heat treating, and machining.

A cleaning solution for a turbine engine includes water within a range between about 68.65 percent and about 99.63 percent by volume of the cleaning solution; a first organic acidic component within a range between about 0.1 percent and about 15 percent by volume of the cleaning solution; wherein the organic acid comprises citric acid; a second organic acidic component within a range between about 0.1 percent and about 15 percent by volume of the cleaning solution; wherein the organic acid comprises glycolic acid; isoropylamine sulphonate within a range between about 0.07 percent and 0.14 percent by volume of the cleaning solution; alcohol ethoxylate within a range between about 0.035 percent and 0.07 percent by volume of the cleaning solution; triethanol amine within a range between about 0.035 percent and 0.07 percent by volume of the cleaning solution; sodium lauriminodipropionate within a range between about 0.03 percent and 1.0 percent by volume of the cleaning solution. The cleaning solution has a pH value in the range between about 2.5 and about 7.0.