Two-dimensional (2D) high-entropy transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) alloy compositions, methods of synthesizing the TMDC alloys, physical/chemical properties of the TMDC alloys, and uses of the TMDC alloys as catalysts in electrochemical reactions are disclosed.

In some aspects, the present disclosure pertains to methods for the electrochemical production of calcium silicate compounds in an electrochemical cell that comprises (a) a Ca-based electrode that comprises calcium metal or an inorganic calcium material, (b) an SiO.sub.x-based electrode that comprises a SiO.sub.x material, where x ranges from 1 to 2, and (c) a liquid electrolyte disposed between the Ca-based electrode and the SiO.sub.x-based electrode. In these methods, the electrochemical cell is operated under conditions such that calcium cations are produced at the Ca-based electrode and one or more calcium silicate (Ca—Si-oxide) compounds are produced at the SiO.sub.x-based electrode. In other aspects, the present disclosure pertains to systems for the electrochemical production of calcium silicate compounds.

A method and apparatus for producing hydrogen gas whereby a nanobubble generator introduces nanobubbles at a concentration of at least 10.sup.7 nanobubbles per cm.sup.3 into an electrolytic cell comprising a pair of electrodes and a hydrogen-containing, electrolyzable liquid, and the electrolytic cell is operated to produce hydrogen gas.

A method and apparatus for producing hydrogen gas whereby a nanobubble generator introduces nanobubbles at a concentration of at least 10.sup.7 nanobubbles per cm.sup.3 into an electrolytic cell comprising a pair of electrodes and a hydrogen-containing, electrolyzable liquid, and the electrolytic cell is operated to produce hydrogen gas.

The embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method, system and composition producing a magnetic carbon nanomaterial product that may comprise carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at least some of which are magnetic CNTs (mCNTs). The method and apparatus employ carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) as a reactant in an electrolysis reaction in order to make mCNTs. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a magnetic additive component is included as a reactant in the method and as a portion of one or more components in the system or composition to facilitate a magnetic material addition process, a carbide nucleation process or both during the electrosynthesis reaction for making magnetic carbon nanomaterials.

The embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method, system and composition producing a magnetic carbon nanomaterial product that may comprise carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at least some of which are magnetic CNTs (mCNTs). The method and apparatus employ carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) as a reactant in an electrolysis reaction in order to make mCNTs. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a magnetic additive component is included as a reactant in the method and as a portion of one or more components in the system or composition to facilitate a magnetic material addition process, a carbide nucleation process or both during the electrosynthesis reaction for making magnetic carbon nanomaterials.

Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a process for making a carbanogel buckypaper product. Such carbanogel buckypaper product may be imparted with enhanced properties as compared to other buckypaper products. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the carbanogel can be generated by an electrolysis process that can transform a carbon-containing gas into a carbon nanomaterial.

Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a process for making a carbanogel buckypaper product. Such carbanogel buckypaper product may be imparted with enhanced properties as compared to other buckypaper products. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the carbanogel can be generated by an electrolysis process that can transform a carbon-containing gas into a carbon nanomaterial.

An iron-containing Chevrel phase material, contains iron and Mo.sub.6S.sub.8 clusters, in particular an iron-containing Chevrel phase material having a formula Fe.sub.xMo.sub.6S.sub.8, wherein 2≤x≤4. The iron-containing Chevrel phase provides an efficient catalyst for the electrochemical production of ammonia from water and nitrogen gas.

An iron-containing Chevrel phase material, contains iron and Mo.sub.6S.sub.8 clusters, in particular an iron-containing Chevrel phase material having a formula Fe.sub.xMo.sub.6S.sub.8, wherein 2≤x≤4. The iron-containing Chevrel phase provides an efficient catalyst for the electrochemical production of ammonia from water and nitrogen gas.