The current disclosure provides alternating current based systems and methods to develop chemical compounds, such as drug molecules using electrochemistry in organic synthesis.

The invention relates to a method for transferring a target substance (5), particularly a target molecule (5), between two liquid phases (4, 6; 6, 8; 6, 11), of which at least one phase (4, 6) comprises the target substance (5) to be transferred and at least one phase (4, 8, 11) is an aqueous phase, where at least the aqueous phase (4, 8, 11) is arranged in one of two electrode chambers (1a, 1b, 10a, 10b) which are electroconductively connected, preferably by charge carrier exchange, and separated in terms of the volumes thereof, preferably where the phases (4, 6; 6, 8; 6, 11) are arranged together in one of two electrode chambers (1a, 1b, 10a, 10b) which are electroconductively connected and separated in terms of the volumes thereof, and a pH-value modification is generated by the H and/or OH ions created during the electrolysis in the aqueous phase (4, 8, 11), said modification initiating a transfer process of the target substance (5) between the phases (4, 6; 6, 8; 6, 11). The invention also relates to the use of the method for enrichment and subsequent isolation of the target substance (5).

A method of reducing a gaseous compound, for example, nitrogen or carbon dioxide, the method comprising the steps of subjecting the gaseous compound to plasma forming conditions to form a plasma; contacting the plasma with water or an electrolyte at a plasma-water or electrolyte-water interface, thereby to provide a dissolved plasma derived species; and electrocatalytically reducing said dissolved plasma derived species to provide a reduced compound. The plasma may for example be generated by a combination of glow discharge and spark discharge in a configuration of a pin-to-liquid with no enclosure, pin-to-liquid with nozzle enclosure, or a pin-to-liquid with a column bubbler enclosure. A catalyst, such as transition metal, maybe added, advantageously in the form of a nano structured catalyst.

A method, a system, and a non-transitory computer-readable medium for controlling flammability of a fuel. The method includes applying a voltage across a nonvolatile ionic liquid to convert the nonvolatile ionic liquid into a flammable liquid; and removing the applied voltage across the nonvolatile ionic liquid to revert the flammable liquid back to the nonvolatile ionic liquid.

A method, a system, and a non-transitory computer-readable medium for controlling flammability of a fuel. The method includes applying a voltage across a nonvolatile ionic liquid to convert the nonvolatile ionic liquid into a flammable liquid; and removing the applied voltage across the nonvolatile ionic liquid to revert the flammable liquid back to the nonvolatile ionic liquid.

The present disclosure provides methods for the chemical degradation of polymers, in particular to methods for the degradation of polyesters by electrochemical processes.

The present disclosure provides methods for the chemical degradation of polymers, in particular to methods for the degradation of polyesters by electrochemical processes.

The present invention relates, in a first aspect, to an electrolysis cell having three chambers, wherein the middle chamber is separated from the cathode chamber by a solid-state electrolyte permeable to cations, for example NaSICON, and from the anode chamber by a diffusion barrier, for example a membrane selective for cations or anions. The invention is characterized in that the middle chamber comprises a mechanical stirring device.

The electrolysis cell according to the invention solves the problem that a concentration gradient forms in the middle chamber of the electrolysis cell during the electrolysis, which leads to locally lowered pH values and hence to damage to the solid-state electrolyte. With the aid of the mechanical stirring device, it is possible to stir the electrolyte solution in the middle chamber during the electrolysis. This leads to mixing of the electrolyte solution in the middle chamber, which prevents the formation of a pH gradient.

In a second aspect, the present invention relates to a process for producing an alkali metal alkoxide solution in the electrolysis cell according to the invention.

The invention relates to a method for producing an alkali metal alcoholate solution L.sub.1 in an electrolysis cell E which comprises at least one cathode chamber K.sub.K, at least one anode chamber K.sub.A, and at least one central chamber K.sub.M lying therebetween. The interior I.sub.KK of the cathode chamber K.sub.K is separated from the interior I.sub.KM of the central chamber K.sub.M by a separating wall W comprising at least one alkali-cation-conductive solid ceramic electrolyte (=AFK) F (e.g. NaSICON). F has the surface O.sub.F. A part O.sub.A/MK of the surface O.sub.F directly contacts the interior I.sub.KM, and a part O.sub.KK of the surface O.sub.F directly contacts the interior I.sub.KK. The surface O.sub.A/MK and/or the surface O.sub.KK comprises at least one part of a surface O.sub.F?. O.sub.F? is produced from a pre-treatment step in which F is produced from an AFK F comprising the surface O.sub.F. For this purpose, AFK is removed from F by carrying out a compressed air blasting process on the surface O.sub.F using a solid blasting agent N, and the AFK F with the surface O.sub.F comprising the surface O.sub.F? formed by the compressed air blasting process is obtained. During the electrolysis process for producing the alkali metal alcoholates with F instead of F, an improved conductivity is provided, whereby for a constant current density, a lower voltage can be used.

This disclosure provides electrochemically-cleavable linkers with cleavage potentials that are less than the redox potential of the solvent in which the linkers are used. In some applications, the solvent may be water or an aqueous buffer solution. The linkers may be used to link a nucleotide to a bound group. The linkers include a cleavable group which may be one of a methoxybenzyl alcohol, an ester, a propargyl thioether, or a trichloroethyl ether. The linkers may be cleaved in solvent by generating an electrode potential that is less than the redox potential of the solvent. In some implementations, an electrode array may be used to generate localized electrode potentials which selectively cleave linkers bound to the activated electrode. Uses for the linkers include attachment of blocking groups to nucleotides in enzymatic oligonucleotide synthesis.