An electrochemical cell has a membrane located between two flow field plates. On a first side of the membrane, there is a porous support surrounded by a seal between the membrane and the flow field plate. There is a gap between the porous support and the seal at the surface of the membrane. On a second side of the membrane, there is a seal between the membrane and the flow field plate located inside of the gap in plan view. The electrochemical cell is useful, for example, in high pressure or differential pressure electrolysis in which the second side of the membrane will be consistently exposed to a higher pressure than the first side of the membrane.

An electrochemical cell has a membrane located between two flow field plates. On a first side of the membrane, there is a porous support surrounded by a seal between the membrane and the flow field plate. There is a gap between the porous support and the seal at the surface of the membrane. On a second side of the membrane, there is a seal between the membrane and the flow field plate located inside of the gap in plan view. The electrochemical cell is useful, for example, in high pressure or differential pressure electrolysis in which the second side of the membrane will be consistently exposed to a higher pressure than the first side of the membrane.

A hydrogen system includes: a compressor that includes an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte membrane interposed therebetween and generates compressed hydrogen by applying a voltage between the anode and the cathode to move protons extracted from anode fluid supplied to the anode to the cathode; a voltage applicator that applies the voltage between the anode and the cathode; a first flow passage through which a cathode off-gas containing the compressed hydrogen discharged from the cathode is supplied to the anode of the compressor; a first on-off valve disposed in the first flow passage; and a controller that causes the voltage applicator to apply the voltage with the first on-off valve opened during a period of time from startup of the hydrogen system until supply of the cathode off-gas to a hydrogen reservoir is started.

A hydrogen system includes: a compressor that includes an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte membrane interposed therebetween and generates compressed hydrogen by applying a voltage between the anode and the cathode to move protons extracted from anode fluid supplied to the anode to the cathode; a voltage applicator that applies the voltage between the anode and the cathode; a first flow passage through which a cathode off-gas containing the compressed hydrogen discharged from the cathode is supplied to the anode of the compressor; a first on-off valve disposed in the first flow passage; and a controller that causes the voltage applicator to apply the voltage with the first on-off valve opened during a period of time from startup of the hydrogen system until supply of the cathode off-gas to a hydrogen reservoir is started.

A system for producing high purity carbon monoxide and hydrogen as well as activated carbon includes a pyrolysis reactor, a gasifier, a combustion turbine, a boiler, a steam turbine, a combined cycle unit and an electrolysis unit. Liquid fuel from the pyrolysis reactor is provided to the combustion turbine. Liquid and gaseous fuels are provided to the boiler. Compressed oxygen from the electrolysis unit is provided to the combustion turbine. Electric power from the combustion turbine and steam turbine are provided to the electrolysis unit. The gasifier includes a preheat region, a gasification region, and a cooling region. CO.sub.2 and O.sub.2 are injected into the gasifier at multiple injection levels to create an isothermal gasification region to produce CO. The CO.sub.2 and O.sub.2 are preheated in a heat exchanger using the CO exiting from the gasifier prior to injection.

An alkaline water electrolysis system includes: a plurality of reaction chambers, each including a main electrode and an auxiliary electrode; a piston provided in each reaction chamber to change a volume of the reaction chamber through reciprocating motion; a drive motor; a connecting rod and a crankshaft installed to change rotational motion of the drive motor into reciprocating linear motion of the piston; a plurality of gas valves installed on an upper side of the reaction chamber to discharge hydrogen and oxygen generated in the reaction chamber through different paths, respectively; a pressure sensor installed in the reaction chamber; a controller configured to open and close the gas valves in response to a signal received from the pressure sensor; and an electrolyte supply apparatus provided to supply an electrolyte to the reaction chambers.

An alkaline water electrolysis system includes: a plurality of reaction chambers, each including a main electrode and an auxiliary electrode; a piston provided in each reaction chamber to change a volume of the reaction chamber through reciprocating motion; a drive motor; a connecting rod and a crankshaft installed to change rotational motion of the drive motor into reciprocating linear motion of the piston; a plurality of gas valves installed on an upper side of the reaction chamber to discharge hydrogen and oxygen generated in the reaction chamber through different paths, respectively; a pressure sensor installed in the reaction chamber; a controller configured to open and close the gas valves in response to a signal received from the pressure sensor; and an electrolyte supply apparatus provided to supply an electrolyte to the reaction chambers.

An ion source and ion recycle module includes an electrolyte reservoir, an eluent recovery chamber, and an ion exchange connector. The electrolyte reservoir includes a chamber containing an aqueous electrolyte solution including an electrolyte having a chamber inlet and a chamber outlet, and a first electrode. The chamber inlet is fluidically connected to a source chamber of an electrolytic eluent generator and configured to receive depleted electrolyte solution from the source chamber of the electrolytic eluent generator. The chamber outlet is fluidically connected to the source chamber of the electrolytic eluent generator and configured to provide recycled electrolyte solution to the electrolytic eluent generator source chamber. The eluent recovery chamber including a second electrode and configured to receive an eluent solution including eluent counter ions from the eluent generator; and the ion exchange connector including an ion exchange membrane stack.

An ion source and ion recycle module includes an electrolyte reservoir, an eluent recovery chamber, and an ion exchange connector. The electrolyte reservoir includes a chamber containing an aqueous electrolyte solution including an electrolyte having a chamber inlet and a chamber outlet, and a first electrode. The chamber inlet is fluidically connected to a source chamber of an electrolytic eluent generator and configured to receive depleted electrolyte solution from the source chamber of the electrolytic eluent generator. The chamber outlet is fluidically connected to the source chamber of the electrolytic eluent generator and configured to provide recycled electrolyte solution to the electrolytic eluent generator source chamber. The eluent recovery chamber including a second electrode and configured to receive an eluent solution including eluent counter ions from the eluent generator; and the ion exchange connector including an ion exchange membrane stack.

Timing of HHO gas injection into a 4-stroke engine is optimized based on engine operating parameters to improve fuel economy.