A water reservoir and electrolysis cell combination that has a flow connection between a lower fluid port of the water reservoir and an upper fluid port of the electrolysis cell. The flow connection includes a first conduit with an inner bore which serves as a first flow path for the flow of water by force of gravity from the water reservoir to an outlet for the first conduit positioned within the electrolysis cell. The second conduit is concentric to the first conduit and defines an annular space between the outer surface of the first conduit and the inner surface of the second conduit which serves as a second flow path for an upward flow of gas from the electrolysis cell to the water reservoir.

Various CO.sub.x electrolyzer cell architectures are provided, including various flow field designs and gas diffusion layer designs that may be particularly useful in the context of CO.sub.x electrolyzer cells.

Various CO.sub.x electrolyzer cell architectures are provided, including various flow field designs and gas diffusion layer designs that may be particularly useful in the context of CO.sub.x electrolyzer cells.

What is provided is an electrochemical reaction device into which unreacted carbon dioxide gas is less likely to be mixed in and which is capable of increasing purity of a carbon compound produced through reduction, a method for reducing carbon dioxide, and a method for producing a carbon compound. In an electrochemical reaction device electrochemically reducing carbon dioxide, an electrolyte flow path is formed which is provided between a cathode and an anode and through which an electrolyte containing a strong alkaline aqueous solution is supplied, a cathode-side gas flow path is formed which is provided on the cathode side opposite to the anode and through which carbon dioxide gas is supplied, liquid flow path closing means for openably closing an entrance of the electrolyte flow path is provided, and gas flow path closing means for openably closing an entrance of the cathode-side gas flow path is formed.

A system and method for generating gas are disclosed. The system may include one or more current sources to generate an electrical current. The system may also include one or more cathode-anode assemblies electrically coupled with the one or more current sources. The one or more cathode-anode assemblies may generate a gas in response to receiving the electrical current from the one or more current sources. Each of the one or more cathode-anode assemblies may include a first electrode and a second electrode forming a concentric cylindrical structure, wherein the second electrode surrounds the first electrode and forms a gap between the second electrode and the first electrode. The system may also include electrolyte provided in the gap.

The hydrogen production system for internal combustion engines includes an intake air scoop, a vacuum block having an air input port system for receiving air from the intake air scoop, a water reservoir connected to the vacuum block for providing water to be mixed with the air in the vacuum block, at least one primary generator assembly with an inlet port for receiving the air/water vapor mixture from the vacuum block and producing a mixture of hydrogen, produced oxygen, and fine hydrogen production vapor from a partially oxidized water fog, and a plurality of secondary hydrogen generator assemblies connected to the primary generator assembly for receiving this mixture. The engine vacuum draws this mixture into the intake manifold to provide an ideal fuel mixture for the engine.

A method for making an aqueous hypochlorous acid (HClO) solution includes electrolyzing a solution of sodium chloride to produce a solution of sodium hypochlorite; and producing the aqueous hypochlorous acid solution by adjusting a pH of the solution of sodium hypochlorite to a value within a range of 3 to 8 by adding a selected weak acid to the solution of sodium hypochlorite to produce a buffer including the selected weak acid and a salt of the selected weak acid.

The present invention discloses a membrane-less reactor design for microbial electrosynthesis of alcohols from carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2). The membrane-less reactor design thus facilitates higher and efficient CO.sub.2 transformation to alcohols via single pot microbial electrosynthesis. The reactor design operates efficiently avoiding oxygen contact at working electrode without using membrane, in turn there is an increase in CO.sub.2 solubility and its bioavailability for subsequent CO.sub.2 conversion to alcohols at faster rate. The present invention further provides a process of operation of the reactor for biotransformation of the carbon dioxide.

A fluid electrolysis apparatus includes: a body part which includes an inlet port and an outlet port formed thereon and is provided with an inner space through which a fluid introduced through the inlet port passes to be discharged through the outlet port; an electrode part mounted in the inner space and including a first electrode plate and a second electrode plate, to which external powers of opposite polarity are applied, respectively, wherein the first electrode plate and the second electrode plate are alternately arranged while being spaced apart from each other, to form a plurality of fluid channels between the first electrode plate and the second electrode plate; and a conductive connection terminal part integrally formed with the body part so that at least a portion of a body thereof is embedded in the body part to apply external power to the electrode.

An electrolyteless fuel cell system includes an anode; a cathode; an electrical grid between the anode and cathode; an anode side grid bias electrode; a cathode side grid bias electrode; and an electrical grid power supply, wherein the electrical grid is biased negative with respect to the anode through the anode side grid bias electrode and the electrical grid power supply, or wherein the electrical grid is biased positive with respect to the cathode through the cathode side grid bias electrode and the electrical grid power supply. In electrolyteless electrolyzer mode steam is introduced to the cathode, wherein the electrical grid is biased positive with respect to the cathode through the cathode side grid bias electrode and the electrical grid power supply.