The present invention relates to the production of graphene from CO.sub.2 through electrolysis and exfoliation processes. One embodiment is a method for producing graphene comprising (i) performing electrolysis between an electrolysis anode and an electrolysis cathode in a molten carbonate electrolyte to generate carbon nanomaterial on the cathode, and (ii) electrochemically exfoliating the carbon nanomaterial from a second anode to produce graphene. The exfoliating step produces graphene in high yield than thicker, conventional graphite exfoliation reactions. CO.sub.2 can be the sole reactant used to produce the valuable product as graphene. This can incentivize utilization of CO.sub.2, and unlike alternative products made from CO.sub.2 such as carbon monoxide or other fuels such as methane, use of the graphene product does not release this greenhouse gas back into the atmosphere.

A process for the separation of electrolyte from the carbon in a solid carbon/electrolyte cathode product formed at the cathode during molten carbonate electrolysis. The processes allow for easy separation of the solid carbon product from the electrolyte without any observed detrimental effect on the structure and/or stability of the resulting solid carbon nanomaterial.

A process for the separation of electrolyte from the carbon in a solid carbon/electrolyte cathode product formed at the cathode during molten carbonate electrolysis. The processes allow for easy separation of the solid carbon product from the electrolyte without any observed detrimental effect on the structure and/or stability of the resulting solid carbon nanomaterial.

An integrated system for carbon dioxide capture includes a steam methane reformer and a CO.sub.2 pump that comprises an anode and a cathode. The cathode is configured to output a first exhaust stream including oxygen and carbon dioxide and the anode is configured to receive a reformed gas from the steam methane reformer and to output a second exhaust stream that includes greater than 95% hydrogen.

An integrated system for carbon dioxide capture includes a steam methane reformer and a CO.sub.2 pump that comprises an anode and a cathode. The cathode is configured to output a first exhaust stream including oxygen and carbon dioxide and the anode is configured to receive a reformed gas from the steam methane reformer and to output a second exhaust stream that includes greater than 95% hydrogen.

The invention relates to producing magnesium and chlorine from a solution of magnesium chloride-containing salts, using an electrolytic cell. A diaphragmless electrolytic cell includes: an electrolysis chamber with alternating anodes and cathodes; and a magnesium separation cell separated from the electrolysis chamber by a partition having upper V-shaped circulation channels and lower circulation channels. Electrolysis is carried out at 6-25 gas saturation of the electrolyte with chlorine bubbles in an interelectrode gap. The flow rate of the electrolyte in the upper circulation channels is 20-60. The ratio of current strength to electrolyte mass is 8-10. The ratio of the width of the electrolysis chamber to the width of the magnesium separation cell is 1.6-2.7. Additional channels are mounted in the partition, between the upper and lower circulation channels, said additional channels having a flow passage area of 0.016-0.048 of the area of the upper V-shaped channels.

The invention relates to producing magnesium and chlorine from a solution of magnesium chloride-containing salts, using an electrolytic cell. A diaphragmless electrolytic cell includes: an electrolysis chamber with alternating anodes and cathodes; and a magnesium separation cell separated from the electrolysis chamber by a partition having upper V-shaped circulation channels and lower circulation channels. Electrolysis is carried out at 6-25 gas saturation of the electrolyte with chlorine bubbles in an interelectrode gap. The flow rate of the electrolyte in the upper circulation channels is 20-60. The ratio of current strength to electrolyte mass is 8-10. The ratio of the width of the electrolysis chamber to the width of the magnesium separation cell is 1.6-2.7. Additional channels are mounted in the partition, between the upper and lower circulation channels, said additional channels having a flow passage area of 0.016-0.048 of the area of the upper V-shaped channels.

An electrode for electrolytic fluorination contains nickel as a base material with a fluorine content <1,000 ppm. Preferably, in at least a surface portion thereof, the nickel content ≥99 mass %, the iron content ≤400 ppm, the copper content ≤250 ppm, and the manganese content ≤1,000 ppm. A method for producing an electrode includes arranging a nickel base material electrode in a nickel plating bath as a cathode, and applying nickel plating to the nickel base material electrode by electrolytic nickel plating, the method including (1) using, as an anode, a nickel component deposited on a cathode, or a nickel component that has settled in a molten salt, in a process of producing nitrogen trifluoride by molten salt electrolysis using a nickel base material anode, or the nickel base material anode; or (2) using, as the cathode, the nickel base material anode.

The embodiments herein relate to methods, apparatus, and systems for forming and purifying solid carbon material from a molten carbonate salt electrolyte. Various embodiments also provide methods, apparatus, and systems for recycling certain materials including the carbonate salt electrolyte, carbon dioxide, water, etc. Advantageously, the system utilizes carbon dioxide in one or more processes, for example to purify the solid carbon and regenerate the carbonate salt electrolyte. These methods, apparatus, and systems provide an efficient technique to consume carbon dioxide in the production of solid carbon, with substantial advantages over systems that attempt to form solid carbon from a stream of carbon dioxide provided directly to an electrolysis reactor.

An electrolysis apparatus for the electrolytic production of oxygen from oxide-containing starting material includes at least one cathode which at least partly delimits a receiving region which in at least one operation state is configured for receiving the oxide-containing starting material and at least one anode,

wherein the electrolysis apparatus has at least one selective oxygen pump which is at least partly realized integrally with the anode.