A sprayer apparatus includes a spray nozzle in fluid communication with a reservoir for an aqueous salt solution; at least two electrodes spaced apart from each other integrated into the reservoir; a controller structured to apply electricity to the at least two electrodes, wherein the controller controls an application of electricity to cause a first one of the at least two electrodes to be positively charged and a second one of the at least two electrodes to be negatively charged; and wherein the sprayer apparatus is configured to produce air bubbles during application of electricity, wherein the air bubbles cause agitation and mixing of the aqueous salt solution.

An apparatus includes a reservoir for an aqueous salt solution, at least two electrodes spaced apart from each other integrated into the reservoir, a control module electrically coupled to the at least two electrodes, wherein the control module controls application of electricity to cause a first one of the at least two electrodes to be positively charged and a second one of the at least two electrodes to be negatively charged, and an impeller disposed in the reservoir for mixing the aqueous salt solution in the reservoir.

An apparatus includes a reservoir for an aqueous salt solution, at least two electrodes spaced apart from each other integrated into the reservoir, a control module electrically coupled to the at least two electrodes, wherein the control module controls application of electricity to cause a first one of the at least two electrodes to be positively charged and a second one of the at least two electrodes to be negatively charged, and an impeller disposed in the reservoir for mixing the aqueous salt solution in the reservoir.

Devices and methods for styling hair, and in particular, to devices and methods for styling hair using electrolysis are described herein. A method for styling hair includes arranging a section of hair between a first electrode and a second electrode. The section of hair is contacted with an electrolyte before being arranged between the first and second electrodes, after being arranged between the first and second electrodes, and/or concurrently with being arranged between the first and second electrodes. The method further includes causing the first electrode to have a first negative potential, and causing the second electrode to have a second potential, such that the absolute value of the first negative potential is greater than the absolute value of the second potential, and such that the difference in electrical potential between the first electrode and the second electrode creates an electrolysis zone between the first electrode and the second electrode.

The invention relates to a polymer structure (1) formed by at least a polymer, wherein said structure (1) comprises a volume (2) and a surface (3), wherein said polymer comprises a plurality of polymer chains connected by linkings, characterized by a linking density, wherein said linking density increases, particularly monotonously, from the surface (3) into the volume (2) of the polymer structure (1).

Systems and methods for providing alternative fuel, in particular hydrogen photocatalytically generated by a system comprising photoactive nanoparticles and a nitrogenase cofactor are provided. In one aspect, the system includes a water soluble cadmium selenide nanoparticle (CdSe) surface capped with mercaptosuccinate (CdSe-MSA) and a NafY.FeMo-co complex comprising a NafY protein and an iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMo-co), wherein the CdSe-MSA and NafY.FeMo-co complex are present in about 1:2 to 1:10 molar ratio.

An electrochemical reaction device, comprises: an anode to oxidize a first substance; a first flow path facing on the anode and through which a liquid containing the first substance flows; a cathode to reduce a second substance; a second flow path facing on the cathode and through which a gas containing the second substance flows; a porous separator provided between the anode and the cathode; and a power supply connected to the anode and the cathode. A thickness of the porous separator is 1 m or more and 500 m or less. An average fine pore size of the porous separator is larger than 0.008 m and smaller than 0.45 m. A porosity of the porous separator is higher than 0.5.

The invention concerns an electrolytic reactor, in particular for separating phosphate from phosphate-containing liquids and recovering phosphate salts, comprising a housing, an inlet and an outlet for the liquid and two electrodes of different polarity, which enclose a reactor chamber between them, whereby at least one of the two electrodes is a sacrificial electrode and consists of a magnesium-containing material, whereby the sacrificial electrode is constructed of trapezoid bars which have a first and a second upper surface, whereby the first upper surface is smaller than the second upper surface, and whereby four lateral surfaces connect the first upper surface with the second upper surface.

An electrochemical reactor designed to increase the efficiency of hydrogen production from faeces and urine (excrement) is disclosed. Said reactor comprises two half-cells separated in a selective manner, a membrane systems separating the half-cells (comprising a proton-exchange and an anion-exchange membranes) and a system of electrical bridges that allow two mutually perpendicular electrical fields to be formed, with the electrical field in the horizontal direction between the two half-cells being greater than the vertical electrical field generated within the anode. The half-cells have a configuration of two resistances in series, which allows the potential of each compartment to be controlled in an independent and complementary manner by adjusting the conductivity of the solutions in the half-cells. Said configuration allows the consumption of energy to form hydrogen to be significantly reduced in comparison with conventional electrolytic cells using water in an alkaline medium by combining the chemical processes of electrolysis (anode) and the law of chemical equilibrium (cathode).

Devices and methods for styling hair, and in particular, to devices and methods for styling hair using electrolysis are described herein. A method for styling hair includes arranging a section of hair between a first electrode and a second electrode. The section of hair is contacted with an electrolyte before being arranged between the first and second electrodes, after being arranged between the first and second electrodes, and/or concurrently with being arranged between the first and second electrodes. The method further includes causing the first electrode to have a first negative potential, and causing the second electrode to have a second potential, such that the absolute value of the first negative potential is greater than the absolute value of the second potential, and such that the difference in electrical potential between the first electrode and the second electrode creates an electrolysis zone between the first electrode and the second electrode.