The present invention relates to a photo-electrochemical device for production of a gas, liquid or solid using concentrated electromagnetic irradiation. The device comprises a photovoltaic component configured to generate charge carriers from the concentrated electromagnetic irradiation; and an electrochemical component configured to carry out electrolysis of a reactant. The photovoltaic component contacts the electrochemical component at a solid interface to form an integrated photo-electrochemical device; and further includes at least one reactant channel or a plurality of reactant channels extending between the photovoltaic component and the electrochemical component to transfer heat and the reactant from the photovoltaic component to the electrochemical component. The integrated photo-electrochemical device and auxiliary devices (such as concentrator, flow controllers) build a system which can flexibly react to changes in operating condition and guarantee best performance.

An anode catalyst suitable for use in an electrolyzer. The anode catalyst includes a support and a plurality of catalyst particles disposed on the support. The support may include a plurality of metal oxide or doped metal oxide particles. The catalyst particles, which may be iridium, iridium oxide, ruthenium, ruthenium oxide, platinum, and/or platinum black particles, may be arranged to form one or more aggregations of catalyst particles on the support. Each of the aggregations of catalyst particles may include at least 10 particles, wherein each of the at least 10 particles is in physical contact with at least one other particle. The support particles and their associated catalyst particles may be dispersed in a binder.

An anode catalyst suitable for use in an electrolyzer. The anode catalyst includes a support and a plurality of catalyst particles disposed on the support. The support may include a plurality of metal oxide or doped metal oxide particles. The catalyst particles, which may be iridium, iridium oxide, ruthenium, ruthenium oxide, platinum, and/or platinum black particles, may be arranged to form one or more aggregations of catalyst particles on the support. Each of the aggregations of catalyst particles may include at least 10 particles, wherein each of the at least 10 particles is in physical contact with at least one other particle. The support particles and their associated catalyst particles may be dispersed in a binder.

A metal sulfate manufacturing system comprising an electrochemical dissolution system having, an anode electrode that holds metal raw material, a cathode electrode, an electrolyte bath having an inlet to receive an initial acid or metal-acid complex solution and an outlet to discharge the treated metal sulfate solution, stirring equipment that mixes the electrolyte bath, a temperature control system, and a rectifier that supplies current at constant voltage between the anode and cathode electrode.

Method and photo-electrochemical system using Cu(In,Ga)Se.sub.2 CIGS for reducing electrochemically CO.sub.2 into CO using as catalyst a metal complex with quaterpyridine ligand, the electrochemical cell comprising a cathode, an anode, a cathodic electrolyte comprising water as the solvent, and a power supply providing the energy necessary to trigger the electrochemical reactions.

An electrocatalytic device for carbon dioxide conversion includes an electrochemical stack comprising a series of cells with a cathode with a Catalytically Active Element metal in the form of supported or unsupported particles or flakes with an average size between 0.6 nm and 100 nm. The reaction products comprise at least one of CO, HCO.sup.−, H.sub.2CO, (HCOO).sup.−, HCOOH, CH.sub.3OH, CH.sub.4, C.sub.2H.sub.4, CH.sub.3CH.sub.2OH, CH.sub.3COO.sup.−, CH.sub.3COOH, C.sub.2H.sub.6, (COOH).sub.2, (COO.sup.−).sub.2, and CF.sub.3COOH.

An electrocatalytic device for carbon dioxide conversion includes an electrochemical stack comprising a series of cells with a cathode with a Catalytically Active Element metal in the form of supported or unsupported particles or flakes with an average size between 0.6 nm and 100 nm. The reaction products comprise at least one of CO, HCO.sup.−, H.sub.2CO, (HCOO).sup.−, HCOOH, CH.sub.3OH, CH.sub.4, C.sub.2H.sub.4, CH.sub.3CH.sub.2OH, CH.sub.3COO.sup.−, CH.sub.3COOH, C.sub.2H.sub.6, (COOH).sub.2, (COO.sup.−).sub.2, and CF.sub.3COOH.

Methods of catalyzing an electrochemical reaction are provided. In embodiments, such a method comprises applying an electrical potential across a fixed working electrode and a counter electrode, the fixed working electrode and the counter electrode in contact with an electrolyte solution comprising reactant species and fluidized electrocatalyst particles, the fluidized electrocatalyst particles undergoing free fluid motion within and throughout the electrolyte solution, wherein the electrical potential is applied to induce an electrochemical reaction between the reactant species and the fluidized electrocatalyst particles at transient interfaces formed between the reactant species, the fluidized electrocatalyst particles and the working electrode upon collisions of the fluidized electrocatalyst particles with the working electrode.

Photocatalysts and methods of using the same for producing hydrogen and oxygen from water are disclosed. The photocatalysts include photoactive titanium dioxide loaded with 0.5 wt. % to 4 wt. % of a hole-scavenging material comprising cobalt oxide and 0.1 wt. % to 1 wt. % of palladium (Pd) and/or a PdCo alloy.

Compositions comprising hydrogenated and dehydrogenated graphite comprising a plurality of flakes. At least one flake in ten has a size in excess of ten square micrometers. For example, the flakes can have an average thickness of 10 atomic layers or less.