Compositions comprising hydrogenated and dehydrogenated graphite comprising a plurality of flakes. At least one flake in ten has a size in excess of ten square micrometers. For example, the flakes can have an average thickness of 10 atomic layers or less.

A three-dimensional photo/electrodialysis unit includes four compartments. A first compartment holds a three-dimensional electrode and a group of one or more electrochemically active redox species. A first electroactive cation selective membrane couples the first compartment to a second compartment that provides a first feedstock. An electroactive anion selective membrane couples the second compartment to a third compartment that provides a second feedstock. And a second electroactive cation selective membrane couples the third compartment to a fourth compartment that holds a second group of one or more electrochemically active redox species.

An optimised bio-electrochemical reactor for treating a liquid effluent containing a biodegradable organic pollution. At least one of the anode and cathode compartments of the reactor is a microbial biofilm compartment (12) including a multi-stage current collector immersed in an electrolyte comprising electroactive microorganisms. This current collector includes at least two stages, each defining a chamber acting as a container for a biocompatible granular support material and letting the fluid pass through. The effluent circulates inside the compartment (12) according to an X direction crossing the stages of the current collector. In operation, the support material (17) is in a fluidised state resulting either from the circulation of the effluent, or from the circulation of a fluidisation gas allowing optimising the active surface of the electrode and, consequently, the treatment of the effluent.

An electrode catalyst, including: a support powder; and active particles supported on the support powder. The support powder is an aggregate of support fine particles having a chained portion structured by a plurality of crystallites being fusion-bonded to form a chain; the support fine particles contain a metal oxide doped with a dopant element; the metal oxide contains tin as a main element; the active particles contain a platinum group oxide containing a platinum group element; and a loading ratio of the active particles is 25 mass % or higher.

An electrode catalyst, including: a support powder; and active particles supported on the support powder. The support powder is an aggregate of support fine particles having a chained portion structured by a plurality of crystallites being fusion-bonded to form a chain; the support fine particles contain a metal oxide doped with a dopant element; the metal oxide contains tin as a main element; the active particles contain a platinum group oxide containing a platinum group element; and a loading ratio of the active particles is 25 mass % or higher.

The invention is directed to a process to convert carbon dioxide to methane by contacting an aqueous solution comprising dissolved carbon dioxide with an electron charged packed bed comprising of a carrier and a biofilm of microorganisms under anaerobic conditions wherein the pH of the aqueous solution is above 7.5 and wherein the aqueous solution comprises between 0.3 and 4 M sodium cations or between 0.3 and 4 M sodium and potassium cations and more than 20 mM phosphate ions.

A metal sulfate manufacturing system comprising an electrochemical dissolution system having, an anode electrode that holds metal raw material, a cathode electrode, an electrolyte bath having an inlet to receive an initial acid or metal-acid complex solution and an outlet to discharge the treated metal sulfate solution, stirring equipment that mixes the electrolyte bath, a temperature control system, and a rectifier that supplies current at constant voltage between the anode and cathode electrode.

The present invention discloses a method for converting biomass material into soluble substances by one-step, comprising: converting biomass materials into soluble substances by one-step by electrolyzing at a certain time under the condition of constant current using bipolar three-dimension-electrodes system, wherein bipolar three-dimension-electrodes system including an anode, a cathode, particle electrodes and electrolyte, and in electrolyzing process, the particle electrodes and the biomass materials being suspended in the electrolyte. The present invention also discloses a container for converting biomass materials into soluble substances by one-step, comprising: A tank which holds electrolyte at the interior thereof, wherein the side wall of the tank is provided with an opening, the opening is provided with a permeable membrane, and the opening also communicates with a discharge pipe; A pair of electrode plates which are immersed into the electrolyte by at least a part thereof, wherein the pair of electrode plates space from each other and connect to positive pole and negative pole of power supply respectively to form anode and cathode in energized state respectively; and, Particle electrodes which are in granular form and are suspended in the electrolyte. The present invention also discloses uses of soluble substances that are prepared by any one of the methods.

An apparatus including at least one electrolytic cell having at least one electrode compartment structured to contain a liquid electrolyte and a plurality of electrically conducting particulates forming a particulate bed, at least one reaction region structured to support electrochemical reactions, at least one collection region structured to facilitate collection of electrically conducting particulates, at least one feeding region structured to facilitate input of electrically conducting particulates, at least one actuation module arranged substantially outside of the at least one reaction region of relevance for the electrochemical modifications.

Provided herein are membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) for carbon oxide reduction. According to various embodiments, the MEAs are configured to address challenges particular to CO.sub.x including mitigating the deleterious effects of electrical current fluctuations on the MEA. Bipolar membrane MEAs equipped with an interface composed of nanoparticles are described.