A gas-phase reduction device for carbon dioxide includes: an oxidation chamber containing an oxidation electrode; a reduction chamber to which carbon dioxide is supplied; a gas reduction sheet that has an ion exchange membrane and a reduction electrode laminated together therein and that is disposed between the oxidation chamber and the reduction chamber with the ion exchange membrane facing the oxidation chamber and the reduction electrode facing the reduction chamber; a conducting wire that connects the oxidation electrode and the reduction electrode; and a heat source that surrounds the reduction chamber.

A composite material made of an amorphous (bi)metal sulfide nanoparticles directly linked, through coordinate covalent bonds, to a sulfur-containing polymer and a method of preparation of the composite material. The composite material can also be used as a catalyst for hydrogen production. Finally, a proton-exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyser and a photoelectrochemical cell, can both including the composite material.

Described herein are systems incorporating a Casimir cavity, such as an optical Casimir cavity or a plasmon Casimir cavity. The Casimir cavity modifies the zero-point energy density therein as compared to outside of the Casimir cavity. The Casimir cavities are paired in the disclosed systems with product generating devices and the difference in zero-point energy densities is used to directly drive the generation of products, such as chemical reaction products or emitted light.

A photo-catalyst (E.sub.p) is regarded as an alternate method to replace the plasma chemical process and as an additional catalytic processing scheme on top of a micro- or nano-structured catalyst (E.sub.c) and electro-catalyst (E.sub.v). The potential energy reduction that results from the effect of photo-enhanced electro-catalyst (PEEC) is significant.

A photo-catalyst (E.sub.p) is regarded as an alternate method to replace the plasma chemical process and as an additional catalytic processing scheme on top of a micro- or nano-structured catalyst (E.sub.c) and electro-catalyst (E.sub.v). The potential energy reduction that results from the effect of photo-enhanced electro-catalyst (PEEC) is significant.

Described herein are systems incorporating a Casimir cavity, such as an optical Casimir cavity or a plasmon Casimir cavity. The Casimir cavity modifies the zero-point energy density therein as compared to outside of the Casimir cavity. The Casimir cavities are paired in the disclosed systems with product generating devices and the difference in zero-point energy densities is used to directly drive the generation of products, such as chemical reaction products or emitted light.

A device for hydrogen separation has a tank holding water. A membrane is attached to an open top of the tank. A portion of the membrane is immersed in the water of the tank and outer edges of the membrane are attached to the tank and above the water. A pair of electrodes is coupled to the outer edges of the membrane. A light source is positioned above the water, wherein the light excites the water on top of the membrane causing H.sub.2 to be released.

A device for hydrogen separation has a tank holding water. A membrane is attached to an open top of the tank. A portion of the membrane is immersed in the water of the tank and outer edges of the membrane are attached to the tank and above the water. A pair of electrodes is coupled to the outer edges of the membrane. A light source is positioned above the water, wherein the light excites the water on top of the membrane causing H.sub.2 to be released.

The efficiency of a carbon dioxide reduction reaction at a reduction electrode is improved. An oxidation tank including an oxidation electrode, a reduction tank which is adjacent to the oxidation tank and to which carbon dioxide is supplied, and a gas reduction sheet located between the oxidation tank and the reduction tank are included, the gas reduction sheet is a sheet in which an ion exchange membrane and a reduction electrode are laminated, the ion exchange membrane is located on the oxidation tank side, the reduction electrode is located on the reduction tank side, is connected to the oxidation electrode by a lead, and conduct conducts a reduction reaction of the carbon dioxide by a current flowing through the lead.

The efficiency of a carbon dioxide reduction reaction at a reduction electrode is improved. An oxidation tank including an oxidation electrode, a reduction tank which is adjacent to the oxidation tank and to which carbon dioxide is supplied, and a gas reduction sheet located between the oxidation tank and the reduction tank are included, the gas reduction sheet is a sheet in which an ion exchange membrane and a reduction electrode are laminated, the ion exchange membrane is located on the oxidation tank side, the reduction electrode is located on the reduction tank side, is connected to the oxidation electrode by a lead, and conduct conducts a reduction reaction of the carbon dioxide by a current flowing through the lead.