The present disclosure relates to a hydrogen evolution apparatus including an AC power source, a semiconductor electrode and a counter electrode connected to the AC power source, an electrolyte in which the semiconductor electrode is immersed, and a light source which irradiates light on the semiconductor electrode, in which the semiconductor electrode includes a conductive substrate and n-type semiconductor particles dispersed on a p-type semiconductor matrix or p-type semiconductor particles dispersed on an n-type semiconductor matrix which is vertically grown from the conductive substrate.

The present disclosure relates to a hydrogen evolution apparatus including an AC power source, a semiconductor electrode and a counter electrode connected to the AC power source, an electrolyte in which the semiconductor electrode is immersed, and a light source which irradiates light on the semiconductor electrode, in which the semiconductor electrode includes a conductive substrate and n-type semiconductor particles dispersed on a p-type semiconductor matrix or p-type semiconductor particles dispersed on an n-type semiconductor matrix which is vertically grown from the conductive substrate.

An electrode for a reaction in a chemical cell includes a substrate having a surface, an array of nanostructures supported by the substrate and extending outward from the surface of the substrate, each nanostructure of the array of nanostructures having a semiconductor composition, and a catalyst arrangement disposed along each nanostructure of the array of nanostructures, the catalyst arrangement comprising a metal-based catalyst for the reaction in the chemical cell. The semiconductor composition of each nanostructure of the array of nanostructures establishes sites at which the metal-based catalyst is anchored to the nanostructure. The array of nanostructures and the catalyst arrangement are configured such that the metal-based catalyst is distributed along sidewalls of each nanostructure of the array of nanostructures at an atomic scale.

An electrode for a reaction in a chemical cell includes a substrate having a surface, an array of nanostructures supported by the substrate and extending outward from the surface of the substrate, each nanostructure of the array of nanostructures having a semiconductor composition, and a catalyst arrangement disposed along each nanostructure of the array of nanostructures, the catalyst arrangement comprising a metal-based catalyst for the reaction in the chemical cell. The semiconductor composition of each nanostructure of the array of nanostructures establishes sites at which the metal-based catalyst is anchored to the nanostructure. The array of nanostructures and the catalyst arrangement are configured such that the metal-based catalyst is distributed along sidewalls of each nanostructure of the array of nanostructures at an atomic scale.

A CaTiO.sub.3—TiO.sub.2 composite electrode and method of making is described. The composite electrode comprises a substrate with an average 2-12 μm thick layer of CaTiO.sub.3—TiO.sub.2 composite particles having average diameters of 0.2-2.2 μm. The method of making the composite electrode involves contacting the substrate with an aerosol comprising a solvent, a calcium complex, and a titanium complex. The CaTiO.sub.3—TiO.sub.2 composite electrode is capable of being used in a photoelectrochemical cell for water splitting.

A CaTiO.sub.3—TiO.sub.2 composite electrode and method of making is described. The composite electrode comprises a substrate with an average 2-12 μm thick layer of CaTiO.sub.3—TiO.sub.2 composite particles having average diameters of 0.2-2.2 μm. The method of making the composite electrode involves contacting the substrate with an aerosol comprising a solvent, a calcium complex, and a titanium complex. The CaTiO.sub.3—TiO.sub.2 composite electrode is capable of being used in a photoelectrochemical cell for water splitting.

The present invention provides a photodecomposition module and a photodecomposition cell that have a new structure different from a known art and can decompose a decomposition liquid more effectively than those of the known art. The present invention includes a plurality of photodecomposition cells, and a posture holder that holds each of the photodecomposition cells in a predetermined posture, in which each of the photodecomposition cells decomposes a decomposition liquid with light irradiation, and includes an anode electrode part and a cathode electrode part in an accommodating part, the anode electrode part has a photocatalyst supported on a conductive substrate, the anode electrode part and the cathode electrode part are immersed in the decomposition liquid in the accommodating part, and the accommodating part has a cylindrical shape.

A process provides an unlimited source of ammonia, for primary use as a liquid disinfectant for application directly to human hands or to hand wipes, by combining a carbon nanospike catalyst with a copper catalyst, carbon dioxide, water and water vapor in an electrochemical process initiated by a power source. And a process for making urea by addition of carbon dioxide. Further, an improved process provides for making the carbon nanospike, through injection with photons and electromagnetic waves.

A process provides an unlimited source of ethanol, for primary use as a liquid disinfectant for application directly to human hands or to hand wipes, by combining a carbon nanospike catalyst with a copper catalyst, carbon dioxide, water and water vapor, and injection of photons and electromagnetic waves, in an electrochemical process initiated by a power source. The process also provides an unlimited source for hydrogen peroxide and ammonia. Further, the application provides an improved process for making the carbon nanospike, through injection with photons and electromagnetic waves.

An electrode of a chemical cell includes a substrate having a surface, an array of conductive projections supported by the substrate and extending outward from the surface of the substrate, each conductive projection of the array of conductive projections having a semiconductor composition for catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) in the chemical cell, and a plurality of nanoparticles disposed over the array of nanowires, each nanoparticle of the plurality of nanoparticles having a metallic composition for the catalytic conversion of CO.sub.2 in the chemical cell. Each nanoparticle of the plurality of nanoparticles has a size at least an order of magnitude smaller than a lateral dimension of each conductive projection of the array of conductive projections.