Provided are a photoelectrode for hydrogen generation in solar water splitting and a manufacturing method thereof. The photoelectrode for hydrogen generation in solar water splitting, includes a light absorbing layer including a chalcopyrite compound; and a hydrogen generation catalyst including Cu.sub.xS (where 0≤x≤2) which is present on the light absorbing layer, and may be manufactured by using a solution process which enables mass production and produce hydrogen from water using sunlight with high efficiency without using a noble metal element.

The present disclosure relates to an energy transferring type photoelectrode including a substrate; a photoactive layer formed on the substrate; and a catalyst layer formed on the photoactive layer, in which an emission spectrum region of the photoactive layer and an absorption spectrum region of the catalyst layer overlap.

Improvement in the efficiency of carbon dioxide reduction reaction is achieved. A gas supply unit having a plurality of pores is established in a lower portion of a reduction chamber, and carbon dioxide is supplied as bubbles into an aqueous solution. This can elevate a concentration of carbon dioxide dissolved in the aqueous solution without stirring the aqueous solution using a stirring bar, and render the concentration uniform in the aqueous solution. Therefore, the efficiency of reduction reaction of carbon dioxide in a reduction electrode can be improved.

Improvement in the efficiency of carbon dioxide reduction reaction is achieved. A gas supply unit having a plurality of pores is established in a lower portion of a reduction chamber, and carbon dioxide is supplied as bubbles into an aqueous solution. This can elevate a concentration of carbon dioxide dissolved in the aqueous solution without stirring the aqueous solution using a stirring bar, and render the concentration uniform in the aqueous solution. Therefore, the efficiency of reduction reaction of carbon dioxide in a reduction electrode can be improved.

Method and photo-electrochemical system using Cu(In,Ga)Se.sub.2 CIGS for reducing electrochemically CO.sub.2 into CO using as catalyst a metal complex with quaterpyridine ligand, the electrochemical cell comprising a cathode, an anode, a cathodic electrolyte comprising water as the solvent, and a power supply providing the energy necessary to trigger the electrochemical reactions.

Method and photo-electrochemical system using Cu(In,Ga)Se.sub.2 CIGS for reducing electrochemically CO.sub.2 into CO using as catalyst a metal complex with quaterpyridine ligand, the electrochemical cell comprising a cathode, an anode, a cathodic electrolyte comprising water as the solvent, and a power supply providing the energy necessary to trigger the electrochemical reactions.

A process provides an unlimited source of ethanol based, liquid disinfectant for application directly to human hands or to hand wipes, by combining a carbon nanospike catalyst with a copper catalyst, carbon dioxide, water and water vapor in an electrochemical process initiated by a power source. Further, an improved process provides for making the carbon nanospike, through injection with photons and electromagnetic waves.

To improve light energy conversion efficiency of a semiconductor photoelectrode. A semiconductor photoelectrode in which an oxidation reaction of water proceeds on a surface by irradiation with light includes a first semiconductor layer laminated on an insulating or conductive substrate, and a transparent conductive polymer layer laminated on the first semiconductor layer, made of a transparent conductive polymer, and having an activity function of promoting the oxidation reaction of water. Due to the transparency of the transparent conductive polymer layer, light transmittance is improved, and the transparent conductive polymer layer can be laminated on the entire surface of the semiconductor layer, allowing the light energy conversion efficiency of the semiconductor photoelectrode to be improved.

To improve light energy conversion efficiency of a semiconductor photoelectrode. A semiconductor photoelectrode in which an oxidation reaction of water proceeds on a surface by irradiation with light includes a first semiconductor layer laminated on an insulating or conductive substrate, and a transparent conductive polymer layer laminated on the first semiconductor layer, made of a transparent conductive polymer, and having an activity function of promoting the oxidation reaction of water. Due to the transparency of the transparent conductive polymer layer, light transmittance is improved, and the transparent conductive polymer layer can be laminated on the entire surface of the semiconductor layer, allowing the light energy conversion efficiency of the semiconductor photoelectrode to be improved.

Systems and methods for treating automotive vehicle emissions on board an automotive vehicle include the use of waste heat recovery, electrochemical water splitting, phototcatalytic water splitting, and selective catalytic reduction. Waste heat recovery is used to power electrochemical water splitting, or photocatalytic water splitting. Photons collected from a solar panel are used in photocatalytic water splitting, or in photo-assisted selective catalytic reduction. Hydrogen gas generated by water splitting is used in conjunction with catalytic reduction units to catalytically reduce NOx in an engine exhaust gas.