Described herein are systems and methods for the management and control of electrolyte within confined electrochemical cells or groups (e.g. stacks) of connected electrochemical cells, for example, in an electrolyzer. Various embodiments of systems and methods provide for the elimination of parasitic conductive paths between cells, and/or precise passive control of fluid pressures within cells. In some embodiments, a fixed volume of electrolyte is substantially retained within each cell while efficiently collecting and removing produced gases or other products from the cell.

An elastic mattress being conductive and including a plurality of hill parts and valley parts, which have been formed by a curved state of the elastic mattress, wherein the hill parts include concave parts having depths smaller than heights of the hill parts, and the valley parts include projections having heights smaller than depths of the valley parts.

An assembly for an electrochemical system, which comprises a first separator plate, a second separator plate, and a membrane electrode assembly arranged between the separator plates for forming an electrochemical cell between the separator plates. A stack comprising a plurality of such assemblies, and an electrochemical system comprising a plurality of such assemblies and/or a stack. The electrochemical system may be a fuel cell system, an electrochemical compressor, an electrolyzer, a redox flow battery, or a humidifier for an electrochemical system.

A heat insulation structure for a high-temperature reaction room includes a heat insulating body surrounding the reaction room. The heat insulating body contains a binder component including a metal element and is arranged so as to face an insulating film disposed on a cell stack. Transfer of metal ions originating in the metal element from the heat insulating body toward the insulating film is suppressed by a metal ion transfer suppression means.

A heat insulation structure for a high-temperature reaction room includes a heat insulating body surrounding the reaction room. The heat insulating body contains a binder component including a metal element and is arranged so as to face an insulating film disposed on a cell stack. Transfer of metal ions originating in the metal element from the heat insulating body toward the insulating film is suppressed by a metal ion transfer suppression means.

Provided is an electrochemical cell comprising a working electrode and a counter electrode. The working electrode comprises an electrode base material, a CO.sub.2 adsorbent, and a binder. Application of a voltage between the working electrode and the counter electrode causes electrons to be supplied from the counter electrode to the working electrode, and enables the CO.sub.2 adsorbent to bind to CO.sub.2 as electrons are supplied. The binder has electrical conductivity, and the CO.sub.2 adsorbent is held in the electrode base material by the binder.

A porous titanium sheet configured to function as an anode side gas diffusion layer of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer is formed by a powder technique, such as tape casting or powder metallurgy.

A hydrogen generator including a series of plates positioned in an electrolysis chamber. The plates are configured to generate hydrogen. The chamber has a water inlet configured to receive water from a water source and a hydrogen outlet configured to allow the hydrogen to exit therefrom. The plates include a positive plate, a negative plate, and a neutral plate. Each of the plates has through-holes configured to allow the water and the hydrogen to flow therethrough. The positive and negative plates are configured to be connected to positive and negative terminals, respectively, of an electrical power source. The water inside the chamber forms an electrical connection between the positive and negative plates that splits the water into the hydrogen and oxygen.

The embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method, system and composition producing a magnetic carbon nanomaterial product that may comprise carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at least some of which are magnetic CNTs (mCNTs). The method and apparatus employ carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) as a reactant in an electrolysis reaction in order to make mCNTs. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a magnetic additive component is included as a reactant in the method and as a portion of one or more components in the system or composition to facilitate a magnetic material addition process, a carbide nucleation process or both during the electrosynthesis reaction for making magnetic carbon nanomaterials.

The embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method, system and composition producing a magnetic carbon nanomaterial product that may comprise carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at least some of which are magnetic CNTs (mCNTs). The method and apparatus employ carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) as a reactant in an electrolysis reaction in order to make mCNTs. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a magnetic additive component is included as a reactant in the method and as a portion of one or more components in the system or composition to facilitate a magnetic material addition process, a carbide nucleation process or both during the electrosynthesis reaction for making magnetic carbon nanomaterials.