A method for forming an ordered array of one-dimensional iron oxide nanostructures involves forming an electrode on a template and forming a plurality of one-dimensional iron nanostructures in the template. A portion of the template is at least partially removed to expose a portion of each of the plurality of one-dimensional iron nanostructures. The plurality of one-dimensional iron nanostructures are annealed while the portion of each of the plurality of one-dimensional iron nanostructures is exposed to form an ordered array of iron-oxide one-dimensional nanostructures. The at least partial removal of the portion of the template involves complete removal of the template or a partial removal so that top portion of each of the plurality of one-dimensional iron nanostructures is exposed and a bottom portion of each of the plurality of one-dimensional iron nanostructures is within the template during annealing.

A laminate having: an electrode for electrolysis, and a membrane laminated on the electrode for electrolysis, wherein when the laminate is wetted with a 3 mol/L NaCl aqueous solution, and under a storage condition at ordinary temperature, an amount of a transition metal component (with the proviso that zirconium is excluded), detected from the membrane after storage for 96 hours, is 100 cps or less; and A protective laminate having: a first electrode for electrolysis, a second electrode for electrolysis, a membrane disposed between the first electrode for electrolysis and the second electrode for electrolysis, and an insulation sheet that protects at least one of the surface of the first electrode for electrolysis and the surface of the second electrode for electrolysis.

Electrochemical catalysts for the reduction of CO.sub.2 to hydrocarbons, such as ethylene, include Cu nanowires, wherein the Cu nanowires include a stepped surface.

A system for treatment of brines includes one or more membrane-less electrolyzers. An influent flow chamber flows an influent stream to a porous anode and cathode. electrochemical reactions at the anode and cathode result in acidic and alkaline effluent streams respectively, including liquid and gaseous streams. The alkaline effluent can be combined with a brine feed stream, resulting in precipitation of alkali earth metals cations by reaction with hydroxyls to form alkali earth metal hydroxides (M(OH).sub.2, M=Mg.sup.2+, Ca.sup.2+). These M(OH).sub.2 are of interest as a carbon-free feedstock material for cement manufacturing. Additionally, carbon dioxide, such as from flue gas, can be combined with the alkaline effluent to form alkali earth metal carbonates or be concentrated and released upon neutralization of carbon dioxide saturated alkaline effluent with the acidic effluent. Chlorine gas evolved at the anode can also be utilized with hydrogen gas evolved at the cathode as feed streams for a fuel cell for the generation of electricity.

A system for treatment of brines includes one or more membrane-less electrolyzers. An influent flow chamber flows an influent stream to a porous anode and cathode. electrochemical reactions at the anode and cathode result in acidic and alkaline effluent streams respectively, including liquid and gaseous streams. The alkaline effluent can be combined with a brine feed stream, resulting in precipitation of alkali earth metals cations by reaction with hydroxyls to form alkali earth metal hydroxides (M(OH).sub.2, M=Mg.sup.2+, Ca.sup.2+). These M(OH).sub.2 are of interest as a carbon-free feedstock material for cement manufacturing. Additionally, carbon dioxide, such as from flue gas, can be combined with the alkaline effluent to form alkali earth metal carbonates or be concentrated and released upon neutralization of carbon dioxide saturated alkaline effluent with the acidic effluent. Chlorine gas evolved at the anode can also be utilized with hydrogen gas evolved at the cathode as feed streams for a fuel cell for the generation of electricity.

An electrolyzer is disclosed. The electrolyzer includes a container, electrode ports, and a plurality of electrodes that extend from outside of the container through the electrode ports into the container. The plurality of electrodes wind in a first direction for a first distance away from the electrode ports, and in a second direction toward the electrode ports.

An electrically conductive substrate contains at least titanium. An intermediate layer is provided on a primary surface of the electrically conductive substrate. A composite layer is provided on the intermediate layer. The composite layer includes tantalum layers and catalyst layers. Each of the catalyst layers contains platinum and iridium. Each of the tantalum layers is made from tantalum oxide, tantalum, or a mixture of tantalum oxide and tantalum. The tantalum layers and the catalyst layers are alternately stacked one layer by one layer in a thickness direction of the electrically conductive substrate. A bottom layer of the composite layer closest to the primary surface of the electrically conductive substrate is constituted by one tantalum layer of the tantalum layers. A top layer of the composite layer furthest from the electrically conductive substrate is constituted by one catalyst layer of the catalyst layers.

A method for operating a solid oxide electrolysis cell which can suppress degradation of the hydrogen electrode, is provided. A method for operating a solid oxide electrolysis cell includes a hydrogen electrode, an oxygen electrode, and an electrolyte layer sandwiched between the hydrogen electrode and the oxygen electrode. The hydrogen electrode includes a catalyst layer structured with Ni-containing particles dispersed and supported on a porous mixed ionic and electronic conducting oxide. The method includes an alternating operation in which a water vapor electrolysis operation and a fuel cell operation are repeated alternately.

A method for operating a solid oxide electrolysis cell which can suppress degradation of the hydrogen electrode, is provided. A method for operating a solid oxide electrolysis cell includes a hydrogen electrode, an oxygen electrode, and an electrolyte layer sandwiched between the hydrogen electrode and the oxygen electrode. The hydrogen electrode includes a catalyst layer structured with Ni-containing particles dispersed and supported on a porous mixed ionic and electronic conducting oxide. The method includes an alternating operation in which a water vapor electrolysis operation and a fuel cell operation are repeated alternately.

The present invention relates to a continuous micro-electro-flow reactor system for ultra-fast, oxidant free, C—C coupling reaction for making symmetrical biaryls and analogs thereof. This invention further relates to the said process for preparation of antiviral drug, daclatasvir of general formula I.