An electrolytic system and method of manufacturing white phosphorus.

A laminate containing: an electrode for electrolysis; and a membrane, wherein the electrode for electrolysis has one or a plurality of protrusions on a surface opposed to the membrane, and the protrusion(s) satisfies/satisfy the following conditions (i) to (iii):

0.04≤S.sub.a/S.sub.all≤0.55  (i)

0.010 mm.sup.2≤S.sub.ave≤10.0 mm.sup.2  (ii)

1<(h+t)/t≤10  (iii) wherein, in the (i), S.sub.a represents the total area of the protrusion(s) in an observed image obtained by observing the opposed surface under an optical microscope, S.sub.all represents the area of the opposed surface in the observed image, in the (ii), S.sub.ave represents the average area of the protrusion(s) in the observed image, and in the (iii), h represents the height of the protrusion(s), and t represents the thickness of the electrode for electrolysis.

A laminate containing: an electrode for electrolysis; and a membrane, wherein the electrode for electrolysis has one or a plurality of protrusions on a surface opposed to the membrane, and the protrusion(s) satisfies/satisfy the following conditions (i) to (iii):

0.04≤S.sub.a/S.sub.all≤0.55  (i)

0.010 mm.sup.2≤S.sub.ave≤10.0 mm.sup.2  (ii)

1<(h+t)/t≤10  (iii) wherein, in the (i), S.sub.a represents the total area of the protrusion(s) in an observed image obtained by observing the opposed surface under an optical microscope, S.sub.all represents the area of the opposed surface in the observed image, in the (ii), S.sub.ave represents the average area of the protrusion(s) in the observed image, and in the (iii), h represents the height of the protrusion(s), and t represents the thickness of the electrode for electrolysis.

A jig for laminate production for producing a laminate of an electrode for electrolysis and a membrane, the jig containing: a roll for electrode around which an elongate electrode for electrolysis is wound, and a roll for membrane around which an elongate membrane is wound.

A jig for laminate production for producing a laminate of an electrode for electrolysis and a membrane, the jig containing: a roll for electrode around which an elongate electrode for electrolysis is wound, and a roll for membrane around which an elongate membrane is wound.

A method for DNA synthesis using protected nucleosides is disclosed. The nucleosides may be nucleoside triphosphates or nucleoside phosphoramidites with nucleobases attached to electrochemically-cleavable linkers. Removal of a protecting group by application of a voltage in solution triggers a cyclization reaction that cleaves the electrochemically-cleavable linkers. The electrochemically-cleavable linkers may include an amide linkage and an amide that forms a lactam or an ester linkage and a protected alcohol that forms a lactone when the protecting group is removed. The voltage used to cleave the electrochemically-cleavable linkers may be generated by activation of individual electrodes on a microelectrode array. The microelectrode array can be a substrate for solid-phase synthesis of oligonucleotides. Activation of specific electrodes removes the protecting groups at those electrodes and thus enables spatially-controlled extension of the oligonucleotides. Protected nucleosides linked to protecting groups by electrochemically-cleavable linkers are also disclosed.

A toothbrush includes a handle, a head at a distal end of the handle comprising a bristle plate, a hole extending through the bristle plate, a plurality of bristles at least partially disposed in the hole and extending from the hole in a direction away from the head, and a reservoir in fluid communication with the hole. Fluid in the reservoir enters the tuft holes and is wicked out of the head of the toothbrushes by capillaries formed between the bristles.

A toothbrush includes a handle, a head at a distal end of the handle comprising a bristle plate, a hole extending through the bristle plate, a plurality of bristles at least partially disposed in the hole and extending from the hole in a direction away from the head, and a reservoir in fluid communication with the hole. Fluid in the reservoir enters the tuft holes and is wicked out of the head of the toothbrushes by capillaries formed between the bristles.

The present disclosure relates to a photoelectrochemical photoelectrode for water splitting, which includes a plate-type photoelectrode including a transparent electrode substrate and a photoanode layer disposed on the transparent electrode substrate, wherein the plate-type photoelectrode exists in a plural number, and the plural plate-type photoelectrodes are disposed in such a manner that the transparent electrode substrate of one photoelectrode may face the photoanode layer of the other photoelectrode, while being spaced apart from each other. In this manner, it is possible to scale-up the photoelectrochemical photoelectrode for water splitting, while providing improved water splitting performance.

The present disclosure relates to a photoelectrochemical photoelectrode for water splitting, which includes a plate-type photoelectrode including a transparent electrode substrate and a photoanode layer disposed on the transparent electrode substrate, wherein the plate-type photoelectrode exists in a plural number, and the plural plate-type photoelectrodes are disposed in such a manner that the transparent electrode substrate of one photoelectrode may face the photoanode layer of the other photoelectrode, while being spaced apart from each other. In this manner, it is possible to scale-up the photoelectrochemical photoelectrode for water splitting, while providing improved water splitting performance.