Various embodiments may include an electrolyzer for electrochemical utilization of carbon dioxide comprising: electrolysis cell defining an anode space and a cathode space; an anode in the anode space; a cathode in the cathode space; a first cation-permeable membrane disposed between the anode space and the cathode space; and a second anion-selective membrane disposed between the first cation-permeable membrane and the cathode. The anode directly adjoins the first cation-permeable membrane. The second anion-selective membrane directly adjoins the first cation-permeable membrane and the second anion-selective membrane directly adjoins the cathode.

Various embodiments may include an electrolyzer for electrochemical utilization of carbon dioxide comprising: electrolysis cell defining an anode space and a cathode space; an anode in the anode space; a cathode in the cathode space; a first cation-permeable membrane disposed between the anode space and the cathode space; and a second anion-selective membrane disposed between the first cation-permeable membrane and the cathode. The anode directly adjoins the first cation-permeable membrane. The second anion-selective membrane directly adjoins the first cation-permeable membrane and the second anion-selective membrane directly adjoins the cathode.

This composite comprises: a material having electrical conductivity; and a transition metal oxide which is supported by said material. The transition metal oxide has an amorphous structure.

This composite comprises: a material having electrical conductivity; and a transition metal oxide which is supported by said material. The transition metal oxide has an amorphous structure.

A laminate having: an electrode for electrolysis, and a membrane laminated on the electrode for electrolysis, wherein when the laminate is wetted with a 3 mol/L NaCl aqueous solution, and under a storage condition at ordinary temperature, an amount of a transition metal component (with the proviso that zirconium is excluded), detected from the membrane after storage for 96 hours, is 100 cps or less; and A protective laminate having: a first electrode for electrolysis, a second electrode for electrolysis, a membrane disposed between the first electrode for electrolysis and the second electrode for electrolysis, and an insulation sheet that protects at least one of the surface of the first electrode for electrolysis and the surface of the second electrode for electrolysis.

Disclosed are a highly durable electrolyte membrane having improved ion conductivity and a method of producing the same. The electrolyte membrane may include an ionomer having hydrogen ion conductivity and a complex dispersed in the ionomer. The complex may include: a support; a primary antioxidant loaded on the support and having radical scavenging ability; and a secondary antioxidant loaded on the support and having peroxide decomposition activity.

A water electrolysis cell includes an anode disposed on one side across a solid polymer electrolyte membrane and a cathode disposed on the other side. The anode is configured of an anode catalyst layer, an anode gas diffusion layer, and an anode separator, laminated in that order from a side of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane. The cathode is configured of a cathode catalyst layer, a cathode gas diffusion layer, and a cathode separator, laminated in that order from the side of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane. A first channel is provided in the anode separator, and a wall face of the first channel in the anode separator is imparted with water repellency. A second channel is provided in the cathode separator, and a wall face of the second channel in the cathode separator is imparted with hydrophilicity.

Disclosed is an exhaust gas purification system, including: a cathode unit including a first accommodation space, a first aqueous solution, and a cathode at least partially submerged in the first aqueous solution; an anode unit including a second accommodation space, a second aqueous solution which is basic, and a metal anode at least partially submerged in the second aqueous solution; and a connection unit configured to connect the cathode unit and the anode unit. The anode is made of aluminum (Al) or zinc (Zn), a gas containing nitrogen oxide (NO.sub.x) is injected into the first aqueous solution, the nitrogen oxide injected into the first aqueous solution reacts with water to produce nitric acid (HNO.sub.3), the nitric acid supplies hydrogen ions, and the hydrogen ions and electrons of the cathode react to produce hydrogen.

A thermo-electrochemical reactive capture apparatus includes an anode and a cathode, wherein the anode includes a first catalyst, wherein the cathode includes a second catalyst, a porous ceramic support positioned between the anode and the cathode, an electrolyte mixture in pores of the ceramic support, and a steam flow system on an outer side of the cathode. The outer side of the cathode is opposite an inner side of the cathode and the inner side of the cathode is adjacent to the ceramic support. In addition, the electrolyte mixture is configured to be molten at a temperature below about 600° C.

A thermo-electrochemical reactive capture apparatus includes an anode and a cathode, wherein the anode includes a first catalyst, wherein the cathode includes a second catalyst, a porous ceramic support positioned between the anode and the cathode, an electrolyte mixture in pores of the ceramic support, and a steam flow system on an outer side of the cathode. The outer side of the cathode is opposite an inner side of the cathode and the inner side of the cathode is adjacent to the ceramic support. In addition, the electrolyte mixture is configured to be molten at a temperature below about 600° C.