A porous titanium sheet configured to function as an anode side gas diffusion layer of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer is formed by a powder technique, such as tape casting or powder metallurgy.

An electrochemical cell includes a first electrode which is an air electrode and a second electrode. An ion transport material can be positioned between and contacting both electrodes. An ion exchange material is arranged to contact the air electrode and the ion transport material. In some embodiments the second electrode can include zinc.

A platform technology that uses a novel membrane electrode assembly including a cathode layer comprising a reduction catalyst and a first anion-and-cation-conducting polymer, an anode layer comprising an oxidation catalyst and a cation-conducting polymer, a membrane layer comprising a cation-conducting polymer, the membrane layer arranged between the cathode layer and the anode layer and conductively connecting the cathode layer and the anode layer, in a CO.sub.x reduction reactor has been developed. The reactor can be used to synthesize a broad range of carbon-based compounds from carbon dioxide.

An electrochemical reactor comprising an electrolyte compartment wherein at least one of the side walls of the electrolyte compartment is an electrode and an opposite side wall comprises a separator element. Further there is a plurality of electrically conductive granules forming a working electrode for a electrochemical main reaction in the electrolyte compartment and enclosed in the electrolyte compartment. The granules comprise a first material exhibiting at least a first activation overpotential for an electrochemical side reaction within a distance d from the separator element. The electrochemical reactor comprises a spacer element for maintaining the granules at least at a distance d from the separator element on the electrolyte-facing side of the separator element. The spacer element is electrically conductive and comprises a second material exhibiting a second activation overpotential for the electrochemical side reaction within a distance d from the separator element and is larger than the first activation overpotential.

An electrochemical reactor comprising an electrolyte compartment wherein at least one of the side walls of the electrolyte compartment is an electrode and an opposite side wall comprises a separator element. Further there is a plurality of electrically conductive granules forming a working electrode for a electrochemical main reaction in the electrolyte compartment and enclosed in the electrolyte compartment. The granules comprise a first material exhibiting at least a first activation overpotential for an electrochemical side reaction within a distance d from the separator element. The electrochemical reactor comprises a spacer element for maintaining the granules at least at a distance d from the separator element on the electrolyte-facing side of the separator element. The spacer element is electrically conductive and comprises a second material exhibiting a second activation overpotential for the electrochemical side reaction within a distance d from the separator element and is larger than the first activation overpotential.

A method for producing a new electrolyzer by incorporating a laminate having an electrode for electrolysis and a new membrane, or only a new membrane, into an existing electrolyzer having an anode, a cathode that is opposed to the anode, and a membrane arranged between the anode and the cathode, wherein the new membrane used satisfies an As/Ai of more than 0.87 and less than 1.1,
wherein, with respect to an area of the new membrane corresponding to an area in frames of an anode side gasket and a cathode side gasket that are formed from frames opposite to each other in an electrolyzer,
Ai represents an area equalized by an equilibrium liquid in incorporation into an electrolyzer and
As represents an area equalized by an aqueous solution after electrolyzer operation.

An anion exchange membrane is made by mixing 2 trifluoroMethyl Ketone [nominal] (1.12 g, 4.53 mmol), 1 Biphenyl (0.70 g, 4.53 mmol), methylene chloride (3.0 mL), trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFSA) (3.0 mL) to produce a pre-polymer. The pre-polymer is then functionalized to produce an anion exchange polymer. The pre-polymer may be functionalized with trimethylamine in solution with water. The pre-polymer may be imbibed into a porous scaffold material, such as expanded polytetrafluoroethylene to produce a composite anion exchange membrane.

An anion exchange membrane is made by mixing 2 trifluoroMethyl Ketone [nominal] (1.12 g, 4.53 mmol), 1 Biphenyl (0.70 g, 4.53 mmol), methylene chloride (3.0 mL), trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFSA) (3.0 mL) to produce a pre-polymer. The pre-polymer is then functionalized to produce an anion exchange polymer. The pre-polymer may be functionalized with trimethylamine in solution with water. The pre-polymer may be imbibed into a porous scaffold material, such as expanded polytetrafluoroethylene to produce a composite anion exchange membrane.

The invention provides an electrolytic cell and, more precisely, an electrolytic cell for the production of disinfecting liquids and detergents, the cell has a cylindrical tubular construction and wherein the cathode and the anode are arranged coaxially one with respect to the other, and wherein the anode has a conical shape. The invention furthermore also provides the operating method of the aforesaid electrolytic cell for the production of the aforementioned disinfectant and detergent liquids.

The invention provides an electrolytic cell and, more precisely, an electrolytic cell for the production of disinfecting liquids and detergents, the cell has a cylindrical tubular construction and wherein the cathode and the anode are arranged coaxially one with respect to the other, and wherein the anode has a conical shape. The invention furthermore also provides the operating method of the aforesaid electrolytic cell for the production of the aforementioned disinfectant and detergent liquids.