An electrolyzer system has a first half cell with a first electrode and a separator disposed adjacent a side of the first half cell. The separator is configured to separate the first half cell from an adjacent second half cell, and the first electrode is in contact with a face of the separator. The first electrode has a mesh, and portions of the mesh that are in contact with the separator are flattened.

The invention describes an electrochemically enabled process for the production of magnesium hydroxide from mineral resources, using acid produced in the electrolysis cell for heap or vat leaching of the mineral resources. The process also enables extraction of nickel, cobalt, iron and silica from the mineral resources, and reduction or elimination of asbestos fiber. The produced magnesium hydroxide is used for carbon dioxide capture and sequestration from gaseous and liquid environments.

The invention describes an electrochemically enabled process for the production of magnesium hydroxide from mineral resources, using acid produced in the electrolysis cell for heap or vat leaching of the mineral resources. The process also enables extraction of nickel, cobalt, iron and silica from the mineral resources, and reduction or elimination of asbestos fiber. The produced magnesium hydroxide is used for carbon dioxide capture and sequestration from gaseous and liquid environments.

A single fuel cell according to the present disclosure includes a power generation section, a power non-generation section which does not include the power generation section, and an oxygen-ion-insulating gas seal film arranged so as to cover the surface of the power non-generation section, and the gas seal film is configured by a structure formed by firing a material containing MTiO.sub.3 (M: alkaline earth metal element) and metal oxide. The structure may include a first structure and a second structure which are different in composition, the first structure may include components derived from MTiO.sub.3 in larger amounts than the second structure, the second structure may include a metal element contained in the metal oxide in a larger amount than the first structure, and the area ratio of the second structure in the structure may be not less than 1% and not more than 50%.

A method of producing hydrogen includes providing a device, introducing a first stream including a fuel to the device, introducing a second stream comprising water to the device, reducing the water in the second stream to hydrogen, and extracting hydrogen from the device. The first stream and the second stream do not come in contact with each other in the device.

A method of producing hydrogen includes providing a device, introducing a first stream including a fuel to the device, introducing a second stream comprising water to the device, reducing the water in the second stream to hydrogen, and extracting hydrogen from the device. The first stream and the second stream do not come in contact with each other in the device.

A solid or liquid fuel to plasma to electricity power source that provides at least one of electrical and thermal power comprising (i) at least one reaction cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos, (ii) a chemical fuel mixture comprising at least two components chosen from: a source of H.sub.2O catalyst or H.sub.2O catalyst; a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the source of H.sub.2O catalyst or H.sub.2O catalyst and a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; one or more reactants to initiate the catalysis of atomic hydrogen; and a material to cause the fuel to be highly conductive, (iii) a fuel injection system such as a railgun shot injector, (iv) at least one set of electrodes that confine the fuel and an electrical power source that provides repetitive short bursts of low-voltage, high-current electrical energy to initiate rapid kinetics of the hydrino reaction and an energy gain due to forming hydrinos to form a brilliant-light emitting plasma, (v) a product recovery system such as at least one of an augmented plasma railgun recovery system and a gravity recovery system, (vi) a fuel pelletizer or shot maker comprising a smelter, a source or hydrogen and a source of H.sub.2O, a dripper and a water bath to form fuel pellets or shot, and an agitator to feed shot into the injector, and (vii) a power converter capable of converting the high-power light output of the cell into electricity such as a concentrated solar power device comprising a plurality of ultraviolet (UV) photoelectric cells or a plurality of photoelectric cells, and a UV window.

A solid or liquid fuel to plasma to electricity power source that provides at least one of electrical and thermal power comprising (i) at least one reaction cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos, (ii) a chemical fuel mixture comprising at least two components chosen from: a source of H.sub.2O catalyst or H.sub.2O catalyst; a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the source of H.sub.2O catalyst or H.sub.2O catalyst and a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; one or more reactants to initiate the catalysis of atomic hydrogen; and a material to cause the fuel to be highly conductive, (iii) a fuel injection system such as a railgun shot injector, (iv) at least one set of electrodes that confine the fuel and an electrical power source that provides repetitive short bursts of low-voltage, high-current electrical energy to initiate rapid kinetics of the hydrino reaction and an energy gain due to forming hydrinos to form a brilliant-light emitting plasma, (v) a product recovery system such as at least one of an augmented plasma railgun recovery system and a gravity recovery system, (vi) a fuel pelletizer or shot maker comprising a smelter, a source or hydrogen and a source of H.sub.2O, a dripper and a water bath to form fuel pellets or shot, and an agitator to feed shot into the injector, and (vii) a power converter capable of converting the high-power light output of the cell into electricity such as a concentrated solar power device comprising a plurality of ultraviolet (UV) photoelectric cells or a plurality of photoelectric cells, and a UV window.

A method and an electrochemical cell for hydrogen production by electrochemical decomposition of a sulfur-containing acid gas such as H.sub.2S or SO.sub.2 are disclosed. The method comprises electrolysis of the acid gas in solution in the presence of an absorbent, which may be chemical, physical, or a mixture thereof. In typical embodiments, the absorbent is alkanolamine-based.

A method and an electrochemical cell for hydrogen production by electrochemical decomposition of a sulfur-containing acid gas such as H.sub.2S or SO.sub.2 are disclosed. The method comprises electrolysis of the acid gas in solution in the presence of an absorbent, which may be chemical, physical, or a mixture thereof. In typical embodiments, the absorbent is alkanolamine-based.