Systems and methods are provided for operating an electrolyzer. The systems and methods perform operations comprising extracting, by monitoring circuitry coupled to a plurality of electrolytic cells of an electrolyzer, a set of features comprising at least one of a goodness-of-fit measurement or direct current (DC) measurement of the plurality of electrolytic cells; tracking changes to the set of features over a time period; and generating, based on the changes to the set of features, a model representing operating conditions of the electrolytic cells on an individual electrolytic cell basis.

An electrolyzer with a plurality of cell elements, and with a feed pipe and a discharge pipe for feeding and discharging electrolyte to and from the cell elements, wherein the feed pipe and/or the discharge pipe have, at least in some sections, at least two electrically isolated part-lines, wherein the part-lines extend in the feed pipe over a predetermined length in the opposite direction to the direction of electrolyte flow and/or extend in the discharge pipe over a predetermined length in the same direction as the direction of electrolyte flow.

The following disclosure relates to methods of identifying defects (e.g., short circuits) in a membrane of an electrolytic cell. The following disclosure further relates to methods of repairing such a defect in the membrane of the electrolytic cell, particularly without having to disassemble the membrane from adjacent components of the electrolytic cell.

The following disclosure relates to methods of identifying defects (e.g., short circuits) in a membrane of an electrolytic cell. The following disclosure further relates to methods of repairing such a defect in the membrane of the electrolytic cell, particularly without having to disassemble the membrane from adjacent components of the electrolytic cell.

It is described a high-pressure alkaline electrolyzer for splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen, said electrolyzer comprising a stack of electrolysis cells (1), with channels supplying lye to the cathodes and anodes and channels conducting hydrogen from the cathodes and oxygen from the anodes. The electrolyzer includes first and second lye inlet channels (4a, 4b), a multitude of first intermediate lye channels (5a) conducting lye from the first lye inlet channel (4a) to each cathode (3a) in the stack, a multitude of second intermediate lye channels (5b) conducting lye from the second lye inlet channel (4b) to each anode (3b) in the stack, wherein the hydrogen conducting channels include a common hydrogen outlet channel (7a) and a multitude of intermediate hydrogen channels (8a) conducting hydrogen from each cathode (3a) to the common hydrogen outlet channel (7a), and the oxygen conducting channels include a common oxygen outlet channel (7b) and a multitude of intermediate oxygen channels (8b) conducting oxygen from each anode (3b) to the common oxygen outlet channel (7b).

It is described a high-pressure alkaline electrolyzer for splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen, said electrolyzer comprising a stack of electrolysis cells (1), with channels supplying lye to the cathodes and anodes and channels conducting hydrogen from the cathodes and oxygen from the anodes. The electrolyzer includes first and second lye inlet channels (4a, 4b), a multitude of first intermediate lye channels (5a) conducting lye from the first lye inlet channel (4a) to each cathode (3a) in the stack, a multitude of second intermediate lye channels (5b) conducting lye from the second lye inlet channel (4b) to each anode (3b) in the stack, wherein the hydrogen conducting channels include a common hydrogen outlet channel (7a) and a multitude of intermediate hydrogen channels (8a) conducting hydrogen from each cathode (3a) to the common hydrogen outlet channel (7a), and the oxygen conducting channels include a common oxygen outlet channel (7b) and a multitude of intermediate oxygen channels (8b) conducting oxygen from each anode (3b) to the common oxygen outlet channel (7b).

Provided herein are membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) for carbon oxide reduction. According to various embodiments, the MEAs are configured to address challenges particular to CO.sub.x including mitigating the deleterious effects of electrical current fluctuations on the MEA. Bipolar membrane MEAs equipped with an interface composed of nanoparticles are described.

Provided herein are membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) for carbon oxide reduction. According to various embodiments, the MEAs are configured to address challenges particular to CO.sub.x including mitigating the deleterious effects of electrical current fluctuations on the MEA. Bipolar membrane MEAs equipped with an interface composed of nanoparticles are described.

A method and insulation monitoring arrangement for insulation monitoring of an electric installation operated using a supply direct voltage and has a first insulation resistance between the positive active conductor and ground and a second insulation resistance between the negative active conductor and ground as well as a functional grounding between the negative active conductor and ground by a ground resistance. The method involves measuring a ground current, which flows in the path of the functional grounding, by means of a DC measuring device; measuring the supply direct voltage by means of a voltage measuring device; computing the first insulation resistance from the supply direct voltage divided by the ground current by means of a computing unit; the condition is valid during operation of the electric installation that the second insulation resistance being at least 100 times greater than the ground resistance.

An electrolysis system includes an electrolyzer and a conversion device for power supply of the electrolyzer out of a grid is disclosed. The electrolyzer includes a plurality of electrolysis cells connected in series to each other. The series connection of electrolysis cells is connected through a positive DC-line and through a negative DC-line to a DC-output of the conversion device. A conscious grounding of the series connection is provided via a grounding line at a connection point of the positive DC-line, at a connection point of the negative DC-line or at a connection point of an intermediate power line between two adjacent electrolysis cells. The electrolysis system has at least one overcurrent protection circuit that is arranged between two adjacent electrolysis cells of the series connection of electrolysis cells and connected in series with an intermediate power line connecting the two adjacent electrolysis cells of the series connection of electrolysis cells, and/or arranged in series with the grounding line between the connection point and ground (PE). If a ground fault is occurring at the series connection of electrolysis cells, one or more of the at least one overcurrent protection circuit is configured to trip and prevents an application of a damaging overcurrent and/or a damaging overvoltage to the electrolysis cells.