A method of recovering metals from electronic waste comprises providing a powder comprising electronic waste in at least a first reactor and a second reactor and providing an electrolyte comprising at least ferric ions in an electrochemical cell in fluid communication with the first reactor and the second reactor. The method further includes contacting the powders within the first reactor and the second reactor with the electrolyte to dissolve at least one base metal from each reactor into the electrolyte and reduce at least some of the ferric ions to ferrous ions. The ferrous ions are oxidized at an anode of the electrochemical cell to regenerate the ferric ions. The powder within the second reactor comprises a higher weight percent of the at least one base metal than the powder in the first reactor. Additional methods of recovering metals from electronic waste are also described, as well as an apparatus of recovering metals from electronic waste.

A method of recovering metals from electronic waste comprises providing a powder comprising electronic waste in at least a first reactor and a second reactor and providing an electrolyte comprising at least ferric ions in an electrochemical cell in fluid communication with the first reactor and the second reactor. The method further includes contacting the powders within the first reactor and the second reactor with the electrolyte to dissolve at least one base metal from each reactor into the electrolyte and reduce at least some of the ferric ions to ferrous ions. The ferrous ions are oxidized at an anode of the electrochemical cell to regenerate the ferric ions. The powder within the second reactor comprises a higher weight percent of the at least one base metal than the powder in the first reactor. Additional methods of recovering metals from electronic waste are also described, as well as an apparatus of recovering metals from electronic waste.

The current invention pertains to methods for chemical modification of constituents of liquid stream containing organic or inorganic constituents. The methods include steps of: providing at least one reactor device having one or more reaction chambers that include at least one first boundary substance and containing liquid streams; generating at least one second boundary substance from the at least one first boundary substance and the at least one organic or inorganic constituent of the at least one liquid stream; dissolving the at least one second boundary substance in at least one another liquid stream and generating a solution of greater dissolved second boundary substance concentration than the respective constituent initial occurrence in the at least one liquid stream; regenerating the at least one first boundary substance for subsequent generation of the at least one second boundary substance.

The current invention pertains to methods for chemical modification of constituents of liquid stream containing organic or inorganic constituents. The methods include steps of: providing at least one reactor device having one or more reaction chambers that include at least one first boundary substance and containing liquid streams; generating at least one second boundary substance from the at least one first boundary substance and the at least one organic or inorganic constituent of the at least one liquid stream; dissolving the at least one second boundary substance in at least one another liquid stream and generating a solution of greater dissolved second boundary substance concentration than the respective constituent initial occurrence in the at least one liquid stream; regenerating the at least one first boundary substance for subsequent generation of the at least one second boundary substance.

Provided is a method for efficiently producing tungsten from a raw material mixture comprising at least one valuable containing tungsten. The present invention relates to a method for producing tungsten, comprising the steps of subjecting a raw material mixture comprising at least one valuable containing tungsten to electrolysis using an organic electrolytic solution to dissolve tungsten in the electrolytic solution; and calcining the electrolytic solution containing dissolved tungsten at a temperature of less than 800 C. to obtain tungsten.

Provided is a method for efficiently producing tungsten from a raw material mixture comprising at least one valuable containing tungsten. The present invention relates to a method for producing tungsten, comprising the steps of subjecting a raw material mixture comprising at least one valuable containing tungsten to electrolysis using an organic electrolytic solution to dissolve tungsten in the electrolytic solution; and calcining the electrolytic solution containing dissolved tungsten at a temperature of less than 800 C. to obtain tungsten.

Various configurations of a power plant are described. The power plant is configured to supply power to a receiving electrical grid by the combustion of metal powder. The power plant is also configured absorb power by recovering the metal powder from the metal oxide produced by the combustion of the metal powder, with electricity from a source electrical grid.

Various configurations of a power plant are described. The power plant is configured to supply power to a receiving electrical grid by the combustion of metal powder. The power plant is also configured absorb power by recovering the metal powder from the metal oxide produced by the combustion of the metal powder, with electricity from a source electrical grid.

Various embodiments include a system or platform that uses electrochemistry to upcycle waste products and low-value minerals into valuable, carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2)-neutral materials. Various embodiments may include systems and/or methods for processing material inputs using an electrochemical reactor. Various embodiments may include systems, methods, and/or devices for capturing and sequestering carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) while producing valuable co-products.

Methods and systems for producing iron from an iron-containing ore and removing impurities found in the iron-containing ore are disclosed. For example, a method for producing iron comprises providing a feedstock having an iron-containing ore and one or more impurities to a dissolution subsystem comprising a first electrochemical cell; producing an iron-rich solution, in the dissolution subsystem; treating the iron-rich solution to remove at least a portion of one or more impurities by raising a pH of the iron-rich solution from an initial pH to an adjusted pH thereby precipitating at least a portion of the one or more impurities in the treated iron-rich solution; delivering the treated iron-rich solution to an iron-plating subsystem having a second electrochemical cell; second electrochemically reducing at least a first portion of the transferred formed Fe.sup.2+ ions to Fe metal; and removing the Fe metal from the second electrochemical cell thereby producing iron.