Power pulsing, such as current pulsing, is used to control the structures of metals and alloys electrodeposited in non-aqueous electrolytes. Using waveforms containing different types of pulses: cathodic, off-time and anodic, internal microstructure, such as grain size, phase composition, phase domain size, phase arrangement or distribution and surface morphologies of the as-deposited alloys can be tailored. Additionally, these alloys exhibit superior macroscopic mechanical properties, such as strength, hardness, ductility and density. Waveform shape methods can produce aluminum alloys that are comparably hard (about 5 GPa and as ductile (about 13% elongation at fracture) as steel yet nearly as light as aluminum; or, stated differently, harder than aluminum alloys, yet lighter than steel, at a similar ductility. AlMn alloys have been made with such strength to weight ratios. Additional properties can be controlled, using the shape of the current waveform.

Power pulsing, such as current pulsing, is used to control the structures of metals and alloys electrodeposited in non-aqueous electrolytes. Using waveforms containing different types of pulses: cathodic, off-time and anodic, internal microstructure, such as grain size, phase composition, phase domain size, phase arrangement or distribution and surface morphologies of the as-deposited alloys can be tailored. Additionally, these alloys exhibit superior macroscopic mechanical properties, such as strength, hardness, ductility and density. Waveform shape methods can produce aluminum alloys that are comparably hard (about 5 GPa and as ductile (about 13% elongation at fracture) as steel yet nearly as light as aluminum; or, stated differently, harder than aluminum alloys, yet lighter than steel, at a similar ductility. AlMn alloys have been made with such strength to weight ratios. Additional properties can be controlled, using the shape of the current waveform.

Method and apparatus for preparing at least one metal chloride from metal oxide containing material comprising calcining the metal oxide containing material under temperature conditions sufficient to obtain a calcined product comprising at least one metal oxide; and selectively chlorinating the calcined product to form at least one metal chloride.

Method and apparatus for preparing at least one metal chloride from metal oxide containing material comprising calcining the metal oxide containing material under temperature conditions sufficient to obtain a calcined product comprising at least one metal oxide; and selectively chlorinating the calcined product to form at least one metal chloride.

Leveling additives, their use in electrodeposition, and regeneration are described. In one embodiment, an electrodeposition bath may include a non-aqueous liquid and an optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon. The optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon may be protonated.

Leveling additives, their use in electrodeposition, and regeneration are described. In one embodiment, an electrodeposition bath may include a non-aqueous liquid and an optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon. The optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon may be protonated.

The present disclosure relates to an electrolytic cell for the production of aluminium by reducing alumina. The cell may comprise a sidewall including at least one side block. The side block may comprise an aluminous material having an apparent porosity of less than about 10% and a composition, as a weight percentage on the basis of the aluminous material and for a total of about 100%, such that: Al2O3>about 50%, beta-alumina being less than about 20% of the weight of the aluminous material, oxides that are less reducible than alumina at 1000 C.<about 50%, Na2O<about 3.9%, and other components<about 5%.

The invention relates to nonferrous metallurgy and can be used for producing an aluminum-scandium alloy comprising 0.41-4 wt % of scandium in industrial production setting. The proposed method is carried out by melting aluminum and a mixture of salts comprising sodium, potassium and aluminum fluorides followed by performing simultaneously, while continuously supplying scandium oxide, an aluminothermic reduction of scandium from its oxide and an electrolytic decomposition of the formed alumina, wherein the concentration of the scandium oxide in the salt mixture melt is maintained at 1 to 8 wt. %. Periodically, at least a portion of the produced alloy is removed, aluminum is then charged, and the process of alloy production is continued while supplying scandium oxide. Also proposed is a reactor for producing an aluminum-scandium alloy by the disclosed method. The method makes it possible to produce the aluminum-scandium alloy with a predetermined composition, and ensures a high purity of the final product and a high level of scandium recovery while reducing the production process temperature and energy consumption.

A cermet material includes as mass percentages, at least: 50% to 90% of a metallic phase containing an alloy of copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni), and 10% to 50% of an oxide phase containing at least iron, nickel and oxygen with the following proportion by mass of Ni: 0.2%Ni17%.

An electrode, preferably an anode, may include this cermet material.

The present disclosure related to an economic and environmental safe process for obtaining one or more metals from the red mud slag, bauxite, karst bauxite, lateritic bauxite, clay and the like. The present disclosure also related to a process for obtaining elemental aluminum by electrolyzing AlCl.sub.3 in the electrolysis cell.