A method and means for application of anode covering material (ACM) in an electrolysis cell for aluminium production where the cell being of Hall-Héroult type with prebaked anodes. The cell contains a cathode pot with a rectangular footprint and a superstructure with a gas collecting hood that lays onto the top of the cathode pot. A floor construction at least substantially surrounds the cell at a level below the top of the cathode pot and ventilation openings provided with grates are arranged in the floor in the close vicinity to the cell. The superstructure's hood is provided with removable lids that are removed for giving access to the cell's anodes through openings. ACM is applied via a feed tube to cover the anodes and the deposit of ACM is supported by a shuttering.

A method of direct oxide reduction includes forming a molten salt electrolyte in an electrochemical cell, disposing at least one metal oxide in the electrochemical cell, disposing a counter electrode comprising a material selected from the group consisting of osmium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, palladium, platinum, silver, gold, lithium iridate, lithium ruthenate, a lithium rhodate, a lithium tin oxygen compound, a lithium manganese compound, strontium ruthenium ternary compounds, calcium iridate, strontium iridate, calcium platinate, strontium platinate, magnesium ruthenate, magnesium iridate, sodium ruthenate, sodium iridate, potassium iridate, and potassium ruthenate in the electrochemical cell, and applying a current between the counter electrode and the at least one metal oxide to reduce the at least one metal oxide. Related methods of direct oxide reduction and related electrochemical cells are also disclosed.

During the electrodeposition and electrorefining processes of metals, the electrodes undergo severe corrosion effects. A protective device and included system are proposed, wherein the electrode protective device solves the problem, given that its design and material preferably fireproof and anticorrosive, protect the electrodes. The design encompasses the entire exterior shape of the electrode support bar including the straight parts of the electrode plate that arise from the area of the support bars on both sides.

The present invention provides an oxygen generation electrode provided with a catalyst layer having a high specific electric conductivity, and having excellent durability such that even when an acidic electrolyte is electrolyzed, the catalyst components are unlikely to be consumed and long-term electrolysis can be performed. The oxygen generation electrode is an oxygen generation electrode 10 provided with a substrate 2 formed with titanium or a titanium alloy, and a catalyst layer 4 disposed on the substrate 2 and formed with a mixed metal oxide, wherein the catalyst layer 4 satisfies at least any one of the following condition (1) and condition (2). Condition (1): containing ruthenium, tin, and trivalent or higher polyvalent metal element excluding a tetravalent metal element. Condition (2): containing ruthenium and tin, and having a content of ruthenium of 40 mol % or more based on the total content of the ruthenium and tin.

The present invention provides an oxygen generation electrode provided with a catalyst layer having a high specific electric conductivity, and having excellent durability such that even when an acidic electrolyte is electrolyzed, the catalyst components are unlikely to be consumed and long-term electrolysis can be performed. The oxygen generation electrode is an oxygen generation electrode 10 provided with a substrate 2 formed with titanium or a titanium alloy, and a catalyst layer 4 disposed on the substrate 2 and formed with a mixed metal oxide, wherein the catalyst layer 4 satisfies at least any one of the following condition (1) and condition (2). Condition (1): containing ruthenium, tin, and trivalent or higher polyvalent metal element excluding a tetravalent metal element. Condition (2): containing ruthenium and tin, and having a content of ruthenium of 40 mol % or more based on the total content of the ruthenium and tin.

Methods and systems for dissolving an iron-containing ore are disclosed. For example, a method of processing and dissolving an iron-containing ore comprises: thermally reducing one or more non-magnetite iron oxide materials in the iron-containing ore to form magnetite in the presence of a reductant, thereby forming thermally-reduced ore; and dissolving at least a portion of the thermally-reduced ore using an acid to form an acidic iron-salt solution; wherein the acidic iron-salt solution comprises protons electrochemically generated in an electrochemical cell.

Methods and systems for dissolving an iron-containing ore are disclosed. For example, a method of processing and dissolving an iron-containing ore comprises: thermally reducing one or more non-magnetite iron oxide materials in the iron-containing ore to form magnetite in the presence of a reductant, thereby forming thermally-reduced ore; and dissolving at least a portion of the thermally-reduced ore using an acid to form an acidic iron-salt solution; wherein the acidic iron-salt solution comprises protons electrochemically generated in an electrochemical cell.

A process for production of metal(s) by molten-salt electrolysis includes direct non-carbothermic chlorinating of ore containing metal oxide(s) to produce metal chloride(s); and electrolysis of molten salt(s) of the metal chloride(s) for electrowinning of metal(s) product.

An electrode for electrolytic processes, in particular to an anode suitable for oxygen evolution having a valve metal substrate, a catalytic layer, a protection layer consisting of oxides of valve metals interposed between the substrate and the catalytic layer and an outer coating of oxides of valve metals. The electrode is particularly suitable for processes of cathodic electrodeposition of chromium from an aqueous solution containing Cr (III).

An electrode for electrolytic processes, in particular to an anode suitable for oxygen evolution having a valve metal substrate, a catalytic layer, a protection layer consisting of oxides of valve metals interposed between the substrate and the catalytic layer and an outer coating of oxides of valve metals. The electrode is particularly suitable for processes of cathodic electrodeposition of chromium from an aqueous solution containing Cr (III).